Abstract
Wound healing and regeneration are a dynamic and complex process that requires a collaborative effort between growth factors, epidermal cells, dermal cells, extracellular matrix, and vessels local to the wound area. Mesenchymal stem cells participate in the recruitment site, mainly by releasing secretory factors and matrix proteins to promote wound healing. Stem cell-derived nanovesicles (CDNs), including microvesicles, exosomes, and exosome mimetics, contain most of the biologically active substances of their parent cells and have similar effects. CDNs can shuttle various proteins, messenger RNAs, and microRNAs to regulate the activity of receptor cells, and they play important roles in skin wound healing. This article reviews recent research progress on CDNs for wound repair. We summarize current knowledge on how CDNs regulate immunity, fibroblast activity, angiogenesis, and scar formation in the wound healing process. This review can help researchers explore new treatment strategies to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of CDNs, which have a promising future as naturally cell-free therapies.
Highlights
100 million people suffer pain or discomfort from chronic wounds each year
In terms of genetic biomolecules, a large number of messenger RNAs and miRNAs carrying information from the parent cells have been found in Extracellular microvesicles (EVs) released in cell culture and body fluids
cell-derived nanovesicles (CDNs) can stimulate several signaling pathways to induce the expression of several important growth factors related to wound repair, such as insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and stromal cellderived factor 1 (SDF1) [27]
Summary
100 million people suffer pain or discomfort from chronic wounds each year. Compared with MSCs, cell-derived nanovesicles (CDNs) have shown higher therapeutic efficiency and more convenient preparation, storage, transport, and administration. They avoid the risk of immune rejection and tumorigenesis that come with stem cell transplantation. Since 2015, many studies have explored CDNs for skin wound healing [2, 3] (Table 1 and Figure 1). The roles of CDNs in skin wound healing are overviewed. The important roles of CDNs in each phase of the wound healing process are described. The use of CDNs in combination with hydrogels for the treatment of skin wounds is described
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