Stem cell-based bioregenerative therapy of osteoporosis: literature review

Abstract

Aging is an inevitable process of our civilization. Since ancient times, scientists have tried to solve the mystery of aging. The research continues to this day. The most common diseases of old age are disorders of the musculoskeletal system. Among them, osteoporosis continues to occupy the third place in the structure of overall morbidity and mortality. Such statistical data make us think about the search for a possible cause of the disease at the molecular level. The purpose of this study was to analyze the literature data on modern directions of osteoporosis treatment, including stem-cells based bioregenerative medicine. An analytical review of literature data was conducted using the information analysis of Medline (PubMed), Web of Science and Scopus databases, Google Scholar and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) from 2018 to 2022 using the keywords “osteoporosis”, bioregenerative therapy”, “stem cell therapy”. Recent results of preclinical experimental studies have shown the effectiveness of the introduction of new bioregenerative technologies. In particular, the use of mesenchymal stem cells, exosomes and miRNAs. Preclinical studies on MSC transplantation in the treatment of osteoporosis indicate an increase in osteogenic differentiation, an increase in BMD. Exosomes also may play multiple roles in the treatment of osteoporosis: improving the disbalance between osteoclasts and osteoblasts, structural modification of exosomes and transmitters’ drug function. The promotion of bone regeneration of exosomes has been shown in animal models. Exosomes with active ingredients can treat a variety of skeletal disorders including osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures. The results of recent research of the bone disorder treatment based on stem cells therapy have shown convincing prospects for new approaches.