Stellar collisions in globular clusters: the origin of multiple stellar populations

Abstract

ABSTRACT Two generations of stars, G1 and G2, typically populate Galactic globular clusters (GCs). The origin of G2 stars is unclear. We uncover two empirical dependencies between GC characteristics, which can be explained by the formation of G2 main-sequence (MS) stars due to collision/merging of their primordial counterparts (G1). A similar genesis of both G2 stars and peculiar objects like low-mass X-ray binaries and millisecond pulsars is also implied. Indeed, we find a significant (at a confidence level ${\gt} 99.9{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$) anticorrelation between the fraction of G1 red giants (NG1/Ntot) and stellar encounter rates among 51 GCs. Moreover, a Milky Way-like initial mass function requires at least ∼50 per cent of MS stars located in the mass range [0.1–0.5] M⊙. Unlike cluster mass loss, stellar collisions/merging retain these G1 stars by converting them into more massive G2 ones, with mainly MMS > 0.5 M⊙. This process coupled with a decreasing relative mass loss with increasing GC masses implies a smaller (NG1/Ntot) in more massive GCs with a shallower present-day mass function. From data for 35 GCs, we find that such an anticorrelation is significant at 98.3 per cent confidence level (Spearman’s correlation) for the 12 most massive GCs (MGC > 105.3 M⊙) and it is at a confidence level of 89 per cent for the 12 least massive GCs (MGC < 105.1 M⊙). Other fractions of G1 and G2 stars observed at the bottom of the MS as compared with the red giant branch in a few GCs are consistent with the scenario proposed.