Steel Plates for Pressure Vessels in Sour Environment Applications

Abstract

It is well known that wet hydrogen sulphide (H2S) can cause embrittlement of steels, hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) and sulphide stress corrosion cracking (SSCC). Several fractures of pipelines handling sour crude oil or gas led to vigorous researches on these problems. As similar failures have also been experienced in petroleum refinery equipment, degradation of steel by hydrogen sulphide is now recognized as a serious environmental problem. The paper considers the mechanism and factors involved in HIC. This type of cracking occurs mainly in the parent steels. The susceptibility of steels to cracking is influenced strongly by inhomogeneities such as the shape and distribution of non-metallic inclusions, and segregation of alloying elements. These have a significant effect on HIC because they modify the microstructures in the segregated regions. With reference to environmental factors, these mainly concern the influence of H2S partial pressures, pH of the solutions and other phenomena relevant to the absorption of hydrogen by the steel. SSCC poses problems in weld zones. It can occur especially in heat affected zones (HAZ) with high hardnesses. Such cracking can be prevented by the control of hardness by a suitable selection of the chemical composition of the steel and the welding conditions. Nevertheless, countermeasures similar to those described for the prevention of HIC are necessary to prevent SSCC in HAZ even with relatively low hardness. Research on factors influencing HIC and SSCC has resulted in the development of steels which are highly resistant to wet H2S cracking. These steels have been supplied in plate form for pressure vessels. Experience has confirmed the good performance of welded constructions in aggressive service environments.