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Abstract
Introduction The use of equine bone blocks is widely reported for bone augmentation techniques. The block must be shaped according to the form of the defect that should be regenerated. The shaping could be performed by hand before or during the surgery, in a sterile ambient, or using a CNC milling machine that could not be sterile. The aim of our study was to evaluate if a steam sterilization could provide a medical grade sterilization of the blocks and to evaluate if bone microstructure and collagen structures change after different steam sterilization protocols provided by mainstream autoclave. Materials and Method Two blocks of equine bone were divided into 16 samples. 1 sample was used as control and not submitted to any treatment. 15 samples were infected with a Streptococcus faecalis bacterial culture. The samples were singularly packed, randomly divided into 3 groups, and submitted to autoclave sterilization on the same device. The groups were submitted to a sterilization cycle (Gr. A: 121°C, 1,16 bar for 20′; Gr. B:134°C, 2,16 bar for 4′; Gr. C: 134°C, 2,16 bar for 3.30 min.). 2 samples for each group were evaluated for the sterility. 3 samples for each group were observed at SEM to notice the macro- and microstructure modification and to confocal microscope to observe the collagen. Results All samples were sterile. The SEM evaluation showed, in all groups, a preserved morphological structure. Confocal microscope evaluation shows that the collagen structure appears to be more uniform and preserved in group C. ConclusionData show that autoclave steam sterilization could be reliable to obtain sterilization of equine bone blocks.
Highlights
The use of equine bone blocks is widely reported for bone augmentation techniques
The homologous fresh frozen bone has been reported as effective thanks to its osteoconductive and it is potentially osteoinductive properties linked to its matrix contains growth factors such as bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [5, 6]
The bone augmentation procedure is widely studied in literature and commonly used in clinical practice and might be mandatory in different clinical situations in both medicine and dentistry [5]
Summary
The use of equine bone blocks is widely reported for bone augmentation techniques. The block must be shaped according to the form of the defect that should be regenerated. Bone regeneration is a reliable technique when the bone volume is not sufficient to provide a long-term stability of implant-supported prosthetic restorations and functional and aesthetical outcome It is indicated in the posttraumatic and oncologic reconstructive protocols [1]. In bone regeneration procedures, due to the increased morbidity, limited quantities available and the necessity of a second surgical site are widely used xenogenic materials of bovine, porcine, or equine origins [7, 8]. Xenografts, thanks to their chemical-physical characteristics similar to those of the human bone, show osteoconductive properties [9, 10] The homologous fresh frozen bone has been reported as effective thanks to its osteoconductive and it is potentially osteoinductive properties linked to its matrix contains growth factors such as bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [5, 6].
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