Steady-state operation in compact tokamaks with copper coils

Abstract

This paper considers a fast track to non-energy applications of nuclear fusion that is associated with the ‘fusion for neutrons’ (F4N) paradigm. Being a useful product accompanying energy, fusion neutrons are more valuable than the energy released in DT reactions and they are urgently needed for research purposes and to develop and validate modern technologies. In the near future neutron yield in fusion devices will become significantly larger than that of fission and accelerator sources. This paper describes a compact tokamak fusion neutron source based on a small spherical tokamak (FNS-ST) with a MW range of DT fusion power and considers the key physics issues of this device. The major and minor radii are ∼0.5 and ∼0.3 m with magnetic field ∼1.5 T, heating power less than 15 MW and plasma current 1–2 MA. The production rate of DT neutrons of (3–10) × 1017 n s−1 and their flux at the first wall of 0.2 MW m−2 ensure that the device is capable of fusion–fission demonstration experiments. The problems of major concern are discharge initiation, current drive, plasma—fast ion beam stability and high first wall and divertor loads. The conceptual design provides solutions to these problems and suggests the feasibility of the FNS-ST.