Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi (S. Paratyphi) A and B cause enteric fever in humans. Of the paratyphoid group, S. Paratyphi A is the most common serovar. In 2000, there were an estimated 5.4 million cases of S. Paratyphi A worldwide. More recently paratyphoid fever has accounted for an increasing fraction of all cases of enteric fever. Although vaccines for typhoid fever have been developed and in use for decades, vaccines for paratyphoid fever have not yet been licensed. Several S. Paratyphi A vaccines, however, are in development and based on either whole cell live-attenuated strains or repeating units of the lipopolysaccharide O-antigen (O:2) conjugated to different protein carriers. An O-specific polysaccharide (O:2) of S. Paratyphi A conjugated to tetanus toxoid (O:2-TT), for example, has been determined to be safe and immunogenic after one dose in Phase I and Phase II trials. Two other conjugated vaccine candidates linked to diphtheria toxin and a live-attenuated oral vaccine candidate are currently in preclinical development. As promising vaccine candidates are advanced along the development pipeline, an adequate supply of vaccines will need to be ensured to meet growing demand, particularly in the most affected countries.
Highlights
Recommended CitationL., Simon, R., MacLennan, C., Tennant, S., Sahastrabuddhe, S., Khan, M. (2016)
Salmonella bacteria, of the Enterobacteriaceae family, comprise a group of Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, facultative anaerobic bacilli [1]. These bacteria are responsible for a broad-spectrum of gastrointestinal and systemic illnesses that include but are not limited to enteric fever, food-borne diarrheal illness and invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella disease
The remaining Salmonella bacteria are mostly zoonotic nontyphoidal serotypes that tend to infect a variety of hosts [2]
Summary
L., Simon, R., MacLennan, C., Tennant, S., Sahastrabuddhe, S., Khan, M. (2016). L., Simon, R., MacLennan, C., Tennant, S., Sahastrabuddhe, S., Khan, M. Status of paratyphoid fever vaccine research and development.
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