Abstract
Concerning human and environmental health, safe alternatives to synthetic pesticides are urgently needed. Many of the currently used synthetic pesticides are not authorized for application in organic agriculture. In addition, the developed resistances of various pests against classical pesticides necessitate the urgent demand for efficient and safe products with novel modes of action. Botanical pesticides are assumed to be effective against various crop pests, and they are easily biodegradable and available in high quantities and at a reasonable cost. Many of them may act by diverse yet unexplored mechanisms of action. It is therefore surprising that only few plant species have been developed for commercial usage as biopesticides. This article reviews the status of botanical pesticides, especially in Europe and Mediterranean countries, deepening their active principles and mechanisms of action. Moreover, some constraints and challenges in the development of novel biopesticides are highlighted.
Highlights
4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenasedioxygenase (HPPD), an Triketones can act asby herbicides of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate enzyme that is relevant in the plant metabolism of tyrosine and the production of its (HPPD), an enzyme that is relevant in the plant metabolism of tyrosine and the production downstream products
Lipids and fatty acids typically serve as solvents that, in conjunction with emulgators, stabilize the active principles in commercial biopesticides
Essential oils (EOs) extracted from Asteraceae species, such as Achillea millefolium, Artemisia absinthium, Santolina chamaecyparissus, Tanacetum patula and T. vulgare, exhibited anti-settling activity when used against Myzus persicae females [90], and EOs from aniseed, lemongrass and peppermint were repellent against Rhopalosiphum padi [91]
Summary
Structural diversity diversity of of bioactive bioactive compounds compounds in in plant-based plant-based pesticides. In the the first first part partof ofthe thepresent presentreview, review,the thestructural structural basis and mechanistic principles basis and mechanistic principles of of the currently used botanical insecticides, herbicides fungicides in Europe. Medthe currently used botanical insecticides, herbicides andand fungicides in Europe andand. Recent challenges andand prospects in iterranean countries summarized. Part, recent challenges prospects developing novel biopesticides areare discussed.
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