Abstract
We study, using both theory and molecular dynamics simulations, therelaxation dynamics of a microcanonical two-dimensional self-gravitatingsystem. After a sufficiently large time, a gravitational cluster ofN particles relaxes to the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. The time taken to reach thethermodynamic equilibrium, however, scales with the number of particles. In thethermodynamic limit, at fixed total mass, an equilibrium state is never reached and the system becomes trappedin a non-ergodic stationary state. An analytical theory is presented which allowsus to quantitatively describe this final stationary state, without any adjustableparameters.
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