Abstract
The global demand for electricity is rising due to the increased electrification of multiple sectors of economic activity and an increased focus on sustainable consumption. Simultaneously, the share of cleaner electricity generated by transient, renewable sources such as wind and solar energy is increasing. This has made additional buffer capacities for electrical grids necessary. Battery energy storage systems have been investigated as storage solutions due to their responsiveness, efficiency, and scalability. Storage systems based on the second use of discarded electric vehicle batteries have been identified as cost-efficient and sustainable alternatives to first use battery storage systems. Large quantities of such batteries with a variety of capacities and chemistries are expected to be available in the future, as electric vehicles are more widely adopted. These batteries usually still possess about 80% of their initial capacity and can be used in storage solutions for high-energy as well as high-power applications, and even hybrid solutions encompassing both. There is, however, no holistic review of current research on this topic. This paper first identifies the potential applications for second use battery energy storage systems making use of decommissioned electric vehicle batteries and the resulting sustainability gains. Subsequently, it reviews ongoing research on second use battery energy storage systems within Europe and compares it to similar activities outside Europe. This review indicates that research in Europe focuses mostly on “behind-the-meter” applications such as minimising the export of self-generated electricity. Asian countries, especially China, use spent batteries for stationary as well as for mobile applications. In developing countries, off-grid applications dominate. Furthermore, the paper identifies economic, environmental, technological, and regulatory obstacles to the incorporation of repurposed batteries in second use battery energy storage systems and lists the developments needed to allow their future uptake. This review thus outlines the technological state-of-the-art and identifies areas of future research on second use battery energy storage systems.
Highlights
Europe and the rest of the world are forging a path towards a low-carbon future by establishing targets for drastically reduced environmental impacts as described in the Paris Agreement [1]
The US Department of Energy (DOE) published a report on Solving Challenges in Energy Storage which describes the critical need for energy storage in the electrical grid [104]
Second use reduces the ecological footprint by reducing the need for new batteries for storage systems as well as by extending the lifespan of existing batteries and slowing the flow of used batteries that have to be recycled
Summary
Europe and the rest of the world are forging a path towards a low-carbon future by establishing targets for drastically reduced environmental impacts as described in the Paris Agreement [1]. Capacities, especially and demand, help smooth supply andand demand profiles especiallywhen whenclose closetotogeneration generation and demand, help smooth supply demand proand relieve grid fluctuations This means that new infrastructure or expensive upgrades files and relieve grid fluctuations. Battery energy storage systems (BESSs) have been inalternative to solve the grid and buffer capacity challenges of the future [16,17,18]. By using vestigated as an alternative to solve the grid and buffer capacity challenges of the future batteries, it is possible to balance demand and ensure that transient renewable energy,. Order Netz-Ausbau) in Germany [20] proved that storage systems in general, and BESSs in project MONA (Merit Order Netz-Ausbau) in Germany [20] proved that storage systems particular, can reduce the need for such expansion.
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