Stationary Phases in Gas Chromatography

Abstract

1. Introduction. 2. Basic Concepts. Basic components of a gas chromatographic system. Raw data measured from the chromatogram. Derived basic chromatographic parameters. Flow of gases in a gas chromatographic column and formation of bands. Thermodynamic bases of gas chromatography. The quality of chromatographic separation. The time of analysis. Definition of symbols used and list of essential relationships. 3. The Chromatographic Column. Packed columns. Micro-packed columns. Open-tubular columns. Properties and comparison of the main column types. 4. Characterization of Stationary Phases. Intermolecular forces. Quantities for the description of interactions. 5. Solid Stationary Phases. Classification of adsorbents. Carbon adsorbents. Boron nitride and molybdenum disulphide. Adsorbents with hydroxylated and dehydroxylated surfaces. Porous organic polymers. Substances forming inclusion compounds. Modified adsorbents. 6. Chemically Bonded Stationary Phases. Adsorbents for bonding reactions. Bonding reactions. Properties and characterization of chemically bonded phases. Outlook and prospects for chemically bonded phases. 7. The Solid Support. The particle size and shape. The surface area. Activity of the original and of the coated solid support. Diatomite supports. Synthetic silica-based supports ( Volaspher and quartz ). Silica gel. Micro glass beads and porous layer beads. Fluorocarbon supports. Other support materials. 8. Liquid Stationary Phases. General properties of liquid stationary phases. Hydrocarbons. Silicones. Alcohols, ethers and carbohydrates. Esters. Nitriles and nitrile ethers. Nitro compounds. Amines. Amides. Heterocyclics. Sulphur compounds. Fluorine compounds. Fatty acids and their salts. Salts. Chiral stationary phases. Liquid crystals. Mixed stationary phases. 9. Selection of Stationary Phases. General recommendations for choosing a suitable stationary phase. Choosing stationary phases for special separation problems with regard to the desired selectivity. Preferred stationary phases. Approaches to stationary phase selection. Literature. Indexes.