Abstract
Industrial research, including pharmaceutical research, is increasingly using liquid chromatography techniques. This involves the production of large quantities of hazardous and toxic organic waste. Therefore, it is essential at this point to focus interest on solutions proposed by so-called “green chemistry”. One such solution is the search for new methods or the use of new materials that will reduce waste. One of the most promising ideas is to perform chromatographic separation using pure water, without organic solvents, as a mobile phase. Such an approach requires novel stationary phases or specific chromatographic conditions, such as an elevated separation temperature. The following review paper aims to gather information on stationary phases used for separation under purely aqueous conditions at various temperatures.
Highlights
Liquid chromatography is a common separation technique that is commonly used in laboratories and various industries
per aqueous liquid chromatography (PALC) enables the use of hybrid silica materials such as a 1.7 μm ethylene-bridged hybrid silica stationary phase (BEH hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)); its application to the separation of 12 imidazolebased ionic liquids’ cations showed that the PALC system could enable retention with both hydrophobic and ion-exchange mechanisms [74]. Another application of PALC was used by Matos et al, combining it with size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) to determine the water-soluble organic matter (WSOM) content in atmospheric aerosols collected from urban areas during different seasons [75]
We focus on water; its use as the sole component of the mobile phase presents many challenges to chromatographers, including viscosity, high elution force, dielectric constant, degradation of stationary phases, hydrolysis, and decomposition of analytes
Summary
Liquid chromatography is a common separation technique that is commonly used in laboratories and various industries. The liquid chromatographic separation process typically uses a significant number of organic solvents, and produces considerable quantities of harmful waste. This is a global problem that directly affects human life and the functioning of the environment. There are more and more references in the literature to commercially available or homemade stationary phases that allow working under such conditions Knowledge of such phases is incredibly important for researchers involved in environmental and ecological fields in industries using chromatographic analysis. A very “green” solution for liquid chromatography is to use software such as DryLab or ChromSword, among others [21,22] These programs enable computer simulations of analyses, providing data on the optimal analysis conditions for a given mixture of analytes and chromatographic column. The stationary phase properties are fundamental in the case of proper retention, elution, and thermal stability
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