Abstract
In this work, we postulate that Schwinger’s threshold for a dynamic electric field intensity to induce spatial nonlinearity is a special case and, more generally, it is the threshold field for both static and dynamic electric fields. Fields of this magnitude induce negative-energy charges to adapt positive energy attributes; within an atom, they also support interstate energy transfers and intrastate chaotic mixing of time-varying fields. Nonlinearity-induced chaos forms the basis for the probabilistic nature of photon creation. Answers to physical problems at atomic and lower scales continuously evolve because chaotic-like electron movements change their configurations on a time scale of 10 zs. Within atoms, frequency mixing that creates an optical frequency field occurs in the nonlinear region surrounding the nucleus. On a probabilistic basis, a ring of vacuum charge can be induced that forms into an equivalent waveguide, which confines the energy as it travels permanently away from the atom. The propagating relativistically augmented fields losslessly induce charges that bind and protect the energy-carrying fields. The photon charge-field ensemble is a closed system and possesses all first-order photon properties, including zero rest mass and permanent stability. For near-neighbor photons traveling at a speed approaching c, we find a small constant force between them that is dependent upon their relative spin orientations. Our model shows that the radius of a photon is ≈10 am and that photon wavelength information is coded by energy.
Highlights
In the “Photon Entanglement” section, we examine the force between two near-neighbor photons propagating in the same direction identical in all respects except in one case where the spins have the same direction and in another case the spins have opposite directions
The key points of this work are based upon the postulate that both static and dynamic [27], threshold-level electromagnetic fields force a nonlinear response from the spatial vacuum that induces negative-energy charges to adapt positive energy characteristics and prevent any field from exceeding the threshold value
The filled high-energy and the empty low-energy states can only exchange energy when parts of both are in the nonlinear region in accordance with the Manley–Rowe equations [40]
Summary
Photon properties are of ongoing scientific interest [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14], with commercial applications that include optical communication [15,16,17], temporal imaging [18,19,20], and supercontinuum generation [21,22,23]. Schwinger calculated that a dynamic electromagnetic field of 1.3 × 1018 V/m is the threshold between which the vacuum of space presents low-field linear and high-field nonlinear responses [27]. To foster a complete understanding of this effect, many capable experimentalists have attempted to create a Schwinger threshold field in the laboratory using lasers [28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38] but have been unsuccessful They explain the difficulty as nonlinearityinduced charge transitions and resulting unavoidable effects that extract energy.
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