Abstract
The Internet of Things (IoT) is composed of wireless embedded devices which sense, analyze and communicate the state of the physical world. To achieve truly wireless operation, today’s IoT devices largely depend on batteries for power. However, this leads to high maintenance costs due to battery replacement, or the environmentally damaging concept of disposable devices. Energy harvesting has emerged as a promising approach to delivering long-life, environmentally friendly IoT device operation. However, with the exception of solar harvesting, it remains difficult to ensure sustainable system operation using environmental power alone. This paper tackles this problem by contributing Static, a Radio Frequency (RF) energy harvesting and wireless power transfer platform. Our approach comprises autonomous energy management techniques, adaptive power transfer algorithms and an open-source hardware reference platform to enable further research. We evaluate Static in laboratory conditions and show that 1) ambient RF energy harvesting can deliver sustainable operation using common industrial sources, while 2) wireless power transfer provides a simple means to power motes at a range of up to 3 m through a variety of media.
Highlights
Internet of Things (IoT) devices connect the digital and physical worlds by enabling the wireless collection of sensor telemetry and the control of appliances
We evaluate Static in a real world trial, which shows that ambient Radio Frequency (RF) energy harvesting is a feasible solution in industrial settings and that our approach ensures efficient wireless power transfer in the face of dynamic environmental conditions
Based upon these power experiments, we demonstrate the ability of Static to support data transmission on three representative IoT networks namely, LoRa, Sigfox and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)
Summary
Internet of Things (IoT) devices connect the digital and physical worlds by enabling the wireless collection of sensor telemetry and the control of appliances. The dynamism in available ambient RF energy and transceiver characteristics, restrict the possibility of deploying such a device in uncertain RF conditions This paper tackles this problem by introducing Static, a flexible RF energy harvesting platform that includes a hardware reference design and a suite of supporting software. The self-adaptive power transfer approach is inspired from channel hopping techniques adopted in wireless networks, where the communicating devices overcome interference by hopping across different channels in a spectrum Static, enables such an adaptive approach for efficient energy transfer, on a wider frequency space. The scientific contributions of Static are two-fold: 1) the first open reference platform for multi-frequency RF energy harvesting and 2) self-adaptive signal processing software that maximizes the efficiency of wireless power transfer.
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