Statewide Burden and Trends of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Attributable to Smoking in the United States of America from 1990-2019: A Benchmarking and Comparative Analysis

Abstract

Background: Smoking has long been associated with an increased risk of various cancers, and it plays a significant role in deaths related to Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), accounting for 1.69% of all cancer-related deaths in the United States of America (USA). Additionally, among all other risk factors contributing to AML development, smoking is responsible for a staggering 77.2% of AML-related deaths. However, there is a large statewide variation within the USA concerning AML burden. Comparable and consistent state-level measures of total AML burden have not been produced previously. Method: Using the Global Burden of Disease methodology “AML attributable to smoking” mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were analyzed by age group, sex and year from 1990-2019 for all residents in the USA using standardized approaches for data processing and statistical modeling. Results were produced in total number and age-standardized rate. The findings were reported both in absolute numbers and age- standardized rates. Results: The total number of deaths attributed to AML due to smoking showed an increase from 2,230 (95% uncertainty interval (UI): 1,159-3,275) in 1990 to 3,918 (95% UI: 1,833- 6,003) in 2019. Similarly, the DALYs (Disability-Adjusted Life Years) associated with AML increased from 52,843 (95% UI: 30,918-75,041) in 1990 to 81,356 (95% UI: 43,328-121,964) in 2019. However, the age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) remained relatively stable, with no major difference observed (0.7 deaths per 100,000 95% UI: 0.38-1.02) in 1990 compared to 0.7 (95% UI: 0.35-1.05) in 2019. In contrast the age-standardized DALYs rate (ASDALR) decreased from 17.51 to 15.3 per 100,000 from 1990 to 2019. Regarding the highest annual percentage of change (APC) in total number of deaths due to AML, Nevada observed the greatest increase at 275% followed by Alaska at 236% and Arizona at 179% from 1990 to 2019. In contrast, the District of Columbia was the only state that showed a decrease in APC for total deaths with a decline of 6%. Analyzing ASMR, Indiana, and West Virginia observed the highest APC at 28% each, followed by Kentucky at 23%. Conversely, California experienced the highest decrease in ASMR APC, showing a decline of 30% from 1990 to 2019. Regarding age groups, the 95+ age group observed the highest APC increase in ASMR and ASDALR at 363% and 356%, respectively, followed by the 90-94 age group, which had an ASMR APC increase of 307% and ASDALR APC increase of 305%. Moreover, males exhibited a higher APC increase in the total number of deaths compared to females, with percentages of 85% and 62%, respectively, from 1990 to 2019. Conclusion: Large disparities in the total burden of AML attributable to smoking persist between US states despite marked improvements in management. Our findings show that a substantial proportion of AML cases in the United States are attributed to smoking, making it a modifiable risk factor for this aggressive hematologic malignancy. Healthcare professionals and policymakers should utilize this evidence to reinforce anti-smoking initiatives and raise public awareness about the link between smoking and AML.