State Scholarship and Loan Forgiveness Programs in the United States: Forgotten Driver of Access to Health Care in Underserved Areas

Karen W Geletko,Andrew Hunt,Leslie M Beitsch,Robert G Brooks

doi:10.4236/health.2014.615234

Karen W Geletko, Andrew Hunt + Show 2 more

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https://doi.org/10.4236/health.2014.615234

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Abstract

State-supported programs providing loans and scholarships in exchange for service in under-served areas provide an important source of financial support for medical students while encouraging them to select careers in primary care. The purpose of this research was to seek a better understanding of these often unheralded but important state sources of support, and learn if they have continued to grow in the twenty-first century. Administrative data were obtained on state-supported programs operating in 2008 that provided financial support to students, resident or practicing physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, certified nurse midwives, dentists, and licensed mental healthcare providers in exchange for service in an underserved area. The authors identified numbers, types of state-supported programs, program workforce strength, and features of state programs. In 2008, 75 state programs, operating in 37 states, collectively had 5113 program participants under contract. Loan repayment programs (n = 42, 56%) were the most common type of state-supported programs. Practitioners signed initial contracts in 2008 totaled 1173, with more non-physicians (n = 681, 58%) signing initial contracts than physicians (n = 492, 42%). Additionally, 2803 practitioners were serving in programs in 2008. Field placement was also slightly greater among non-physicians in 2008 (n = 1433, 51%) than physicians (n = 1370, 49%). State support-for-service programs remains an important source of financial assistance for those willing to make service commitments in underserved areas. Moreover, these programs continue to increase in size, even amidst the economic malaise, and provide an obligated primary care workforce in underserved areas.

Highlights

Compared with other developed nations, the United States (US) has substantially lower percentages of primary care physicians relative to specialists [1]-[4]
Medical school graduates selecting primary care residencies dropped by half from the mid-1990s to the mid-2000s, and from 2000 to 2005 the percentage of medical school graduates in family medicine residencies declined from 14% to 7% [7] [10]
In order to record and compare trends in state support-for-health service programs over time we reviewed and utilized where possible the methodology previously reported by Pathman et al [19]

Summary

Introduction

Compared with other developed nations, the United States (US) has substantially lower percentages of primary care physicians relative to specialists [1]-[4]. A recent study predicted that expected population growth, coupled with the aging of the population, will expand primary care physicians’ workloads by one-third in the two decades [6]. Primary care physicians earn approximately half of the income of their specialty colleagues, a fact not lost on those students traversing the medical education pipeline [11]-[14]. This gap has been widening, while at the same time overall medical education indebtedness is increasing [4] [15]-[17]. The critical question is: What financial incentives will enable students who are interested in primary care practice in rural and underserved areas to fulfill their career goals, surmounting the challenges described?

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