Abstract
The objective of this paper is to present an overview of state regulations and guidelines for wastewater reuse for irrigation. Land application of wastewater in the U.S. began in the 19th century when it was considered the safest and best method for wastewater disposal. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 27 states have regulations for wastewater reuse and 11 states have guidelines for reuse. Some states have no regulations or guidelines for wastewater reuse. For urban wastewater reuse for irrigation where public access is not restricted and for irrigation of food crops, many of the states require additional levels of treatment beyond secondary treatment, which may include oxidation, coagulation, and filtration and high levels of disinfection. California, Arizona, Texas, and Florida were the earliest states to establish water reuse programs and account for the majority of wastewater reuse for irrigation in the U.S. Several of the challenges to increase wastewater reuse are water rights in the western states and a lack of funding for new projects.
Highlights
Land application of wastewater in the U.S began in the 1800s
George Rafter of the U.S Geological Survey reported in 1899 that there were a total of 143 wastewater treatment plants in the U.S and Canada, and most of them used land application [2]
The major objective of the paper is to present an overview of the state regulations and guidelines for wastewater reuse by irrigation for agriculture crops and landscaping and golf courses in the U.S
Summary
Land application of wastewater in the U.S began in the 1800s. The first land application system in the U.S was constructed in 1872 in Augusta, Maine, at the State Insane asylum to irrigate hay and a vegetable garden. With the passage of PL92-550 (later known as the Clean Water Act) in 1972, the U.S Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) established a new policy, that all wastewater construction projects must consider land treatment. It was considered innovative technology and was eligible for 85 percent Federal funding [4]. In 1977, EPA published the first design manual on land treatment [7] It was revised in 1981 [8], and EPA released a new revised version in 2006 [9]. The major objective of the paper is to present an overview of the state regulations and guidelines for wastewater reuse by irrigation for agriculture crops and landscaping and golf courses in the U.S
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