Abstract
In the last three decades, the aquaculture sector has experienced a 527% growth, producing 82 million tons for a first sale value estimated at 250 billion USD. Infectious diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites are the major causes of mortality and economic losses in commercial aquaculture. Some pathologies, especially those of bacterial origin, can be treated with commercially available drugs, while others are poorly managed. In fact, despite having been recognized as a useful preventive measure, no effective vaccination against many economically relevant diseases exist yet, such as for viral and parasitic infections. The objective of the present review is to provide the reader with an updated perspective on the most significant and innovative vaccine research on three key aquaculture commodities. European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were chosen because of their economic relevance, geographical distinctiveness, and representativeness of different culture systems. Scientific papers about vaccines against bacterial, viral, and parasitic diseases will be objectively presented; their results critically discussed and compared; and suggestions for future directions given.
Highlights
Aquaculture has experienced an enormous growth in productive terms, accounting to >527% in the 1990–2018 time frame
The findings may be summarized as follows: (i) formalin inactivation is a viable technique in the production of vaccines against F. psychrophilum in salmon, (ii) the addition of MontanideTM ISA 760 VG resulted in the highest fish survival but no significant differences were found among vaccinated groups, and (iii) the non-adjuvanted formulation was still very effective at protecting animals against the experimental challenge and did not induce the side effect of increased inflammation
This section will review some recent vaccine formulations that have been researched against infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV), infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), salmonid alphavirus (SAV), and piscine ortheoreovirus (PVR)
Summary
Aquaculture has experienced an enormous growth in productive terms, accounting to >527% in the 1990–2018 time frame. Bacterial diseases can inflict significant biological, economic losses [6,7,8] While these are usually controllable with antibiotics, the indiscriminate use of these pharmaceuticals is a threat to human health because of the development and transfer of resistance mechanisms among bacterial species, some of which are human pathogens. Their employment is strongly regulated in many countries [9]. Is used to describe any substance used to stimulate the immune response or protect fish from pathogens, regardless of their classification (i.e., bacterial, viral, and parasitic).
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