Abstract
The Internet of Things (IoT) plays a vital role in interconnecting physical and virtual objects that are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies intending to connect and exchange data with devices and systems around the globe over the Internet. With a multitude of features to offer, IoT is a boon to mankind, but just as two sides of a coin, the technology, with its lack of securing information, may result in a big bane. It is estimated that by the year 2030, there will be nearly 25.44 billion IoT devices connected worldwide. Due to the unprecedented growth, IoT is endangered by numerous attacks, impairments, and misuses due to challenges such as resource limitations, heterogeneity, lack of standardization, architecture, etc. It is known that almost 98% of IoT traffic is not encrypted, exposing confidential and personal information on the network. To implement such a technology in the near future, a comprehensive implementation of security, privacy, authentication, and recovery is required. Therefore, in this paper, the comprehensive taxonomy of security and threats within the IoT paradigm is discussed. We also provide insightful findings, presumptions, and outcomes of the challenges to assist IoT developers to address risks and security flaws for better protection. A five-layer and a seven-layer IoT architecture are presented in addition to the existing three-layer architecture. The communication standards and the protocols, along with the threats and attacks corresponding to these three architectures, are discussed. In addition, the impact of different threats and attacks along with their detection, mitigation, and prevention are comprehensively presented. The state-of-the-art solutions to enhance security features in IoT devices are proposed based on Blockchain (BC) technology, Fog Computing (FC), Edge Computing (EC), and Machine Learning (ML), along with some open research problems.
Highlights
We live in a time when technology is an essential requirement for all humans, and the evidence is the increased dependence on technology in almost every aspect of our lives
Automation, and smart devices have all benefited from the introduction of Internet of Things (IoT) into human life
The unprecedented growth in IoT has been crippled with many vulnerabilities and challenges
Summary
We live in a time when technology is an essential requirement for all humans, and the evidence is the increased dependence on technology in almost every aspect of our lives. The physical and virtual objects implanted with sensors, software, and other technologies are interlinked together in IoT [2] It envisages communicating and sharing data with other devices and systems worldwide over the Internet. IoT has sprawled everywhere, starting from the healthcare sector to the big indus of 45 tries It is implantable, wearable, and portable, resulting in a pervasive and interactive world [3]. In [17], Abomhara et al discussed various applications of IoT and the security threats related to them, including vulnerabilities, intruders, and some other attacks.
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