Abstract
Abstract Functionally graded porous (FGP) nanocomposites are the most promising materials among the manufacturing and materials sector due to their adjustable physical, mechanical, and operational properties for distinctive engineering applications for maximized efficiency. Therefore, investigating the underlying physical and materialistic phenomena of such materials is vital. This research was conducted to analyze the preparation, fabrication, applications, and elastic properties of functionally graded materials (FGMs). The research investigated for both porous and nonporous synthesis, preparation, and manufacturing methods for ceramics, metallic, and polymeric nanocomposites in the first section, which is followed by deep research of the development of elastic properties of the above-mentioned materials. Main nano-reinforcing agents used in FGMs to improve elastic properties were found to be graphene platelets, carbon nanotubes, and carbon nanofibers. In addition, research studied the impact of nano-reinforcing agent on the elastic properties of the FGMs. Shape, size, composition, and distribution of nano-reinforcing agents were analyzed and classified. Furthermore, the research concentrated on modeling of FGP nanocomposites. Extensive mathematical, numerical, and computational modeling were analyzed and classified for different engineering analysis types including buckling, thermal, vibrational, thermoelasticity, static, and dynamic bending. Finally, manufacturing and design methods regarding different materials were summarized. The most common results found in this study are that the addition of reinforcement units to any type of porous and nonporous nanocomposites significantly increases materialistic and material properties. To extend, compressive and tensile stresses, buckling, vibrational, elastic, acoustical, energy absorption, and stress distribution endurance are considerably enhanced when reinforcing is applied to porous and nonporous nanocomposite assemblies. Ultimately, the review concluded that the parameters such as shape, size, composition, and distribution of the reinforcing units are vital in terms of determining the final mechanical and materialistic properties of nanocomposites.
Highlights
Nowadays, the manufacturing sector is evolving rapidly, and raw material demand is proportionally increasing
Reduce in vibrational characteristics Uniform distribution of nanofillers leads to an increase in the bending properties Uniform distribution of porosity and graphene platelets (GPLs) supports antibuckling properties Using square nanofillers close to top and bottom of beam structures leads to an increase in stiffness and improves resistance to deflection Improvement in the stress distribution
Synthesis process includes the reaction of relevant reactants with suitable precursors to obtain vapor phase nanoceramics – Utilizes either synthetic or natural template, which is infiltrated through a ceramic suspension – Later, when the mix is dried off completely, the template is detached leaving a replica of the initial template morphology – This method includes the so-called “pore former” or sacrificial to perform as a place keeper in the ceramic matrix – Once the ceramic matrix consolidates, sacrificial is detached leaving empty pores behind – To cite an example to this specific process, freeze casting uses ice crystals in ceramic matrix to form pores Utilizes gas bubbles that are intentionally trapped in the ceramic matrix during the slurry phase
Summary
The manufacturing sector is evolving rapidly, and raw material demand is proportionally increasing. 1.1 Recent development of elastic properties of functionally graded porous (FGP) nanocomposites. The addition of CNTs and GPLs considerably improves energy absorption properties of thin-walled rings, arches, beams, and plates [10,11] Such materials have become commonly selected for a wide range of engineering applications such as lightness, electrical conductivity, energy absorption, and thermal management [12]. The results highlighted that functionally graded nanocomposite with the highest CNF content (16 wt%) showed the best flexural properties, especially, the highest stiffness, whereas the nongraded nanocomposite exhibited the highest fracture load. This was explained by the reduction of toughness when high content of CNFs was utilized. Spherical nanoparticles offer higher flexural strength while nanorods give higher flexural modulus to the structure
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