Abstract
In the booming field of nanotechnology, colloidal silica (CS) has been introduced for ground improvement and liquefaction mitigation. It possesses a great ability to restrain pore pressure generation during seismic events by using an innovative stabilization technique, with the advantages of being a cost-effective, low disturbance, and environmentally friendly method. This paper firstly introduces molecular structures and some physical properties of CS, which are of great importance in the practical application of CS. Then, evidence that can justify the feasibility of CS transport in loose sand layers is demonstrated, summarizing the crucial factors that determine the rate of CS delivery. Thereafter, four chemical and physical methods that can examine the grouting quality are summed and appraised. Silica content and chloride ion concentration are two effective indicators recommended in this paper to judge CS converge. Finally, the evidence from the elemental tests, model tests, and field tests is reviewed in order to demonstrate CS’s ability to inhibit pore water pressure and lower liquefaction risk. Based on the conclusions drawn in previous literature, this paper refines the concept of CS concentration and curing time being the two dominant factors that determine the strengthening effect. The objective of this work is to review CS treatment methodologies and emphasize the critical factors that influence both CS delivery and the ground improving effect. Besides, it also aims to provide references for optimizing the approaches of CS transport and promoting its responsible use in mitigating liquefaction.
Highlights
In the past few decades, large destructive earthquakes, such as the 1964 Niigata earthquake in Japan, the 1964 Alaskan earthquake, the 1985 Michoacán earthquake in Mexico, the 1995 Hyogoken-Nambu earthquake in Kobe, Japan, the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China, the 2010 Chile earthquake, and the2011 Great East Japan earthquake, have resulted in various geological hazards in which liquefaction was remarkable [1,2,3,4,5,6]
Colloidal silica (CS), which has been shown to have the ability of mitigating liquefaction, is a kind of such nanomaterial with high cost performance
This paper has reviewed this innovative technique by using colloidal silica (CS) for ground improvement and liquefaction mitigation
Summary
2011 Great East Japan earthquake, have resulted in various geological hazards in which liquefaction was remarkable [1,2,3,4,5,6]. The 1976 Tangshan earthquake in China induced serious liquefaction in a vast area of 24,000 square meters. Liquefaction is a kind of natural hazard that usually occurs in loose, saturated sand during an earthquake. Under the effect of a vibrating load, sand particles deviate from their original location, separating from each other and becoming suspended in the pore water. Both dead seismic loads can only act on the pore water under
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