Abstract
Boron and tin complexes have been a versatile and very interesting scaffold for the design of nonlinear optical (NLO) chromophores. In this paper we present a wide range of reports since the 1990s to date, which include second-order (e.g., second harmonic generation) and third-order (e.g., two-photon absorption) NLO properties. After a short introduction on the origin of the NLO response in molecules, the different features associated with the introduction of these inorganic motifs in the organic-based NLO materials are discussed: Their effect on the accepting/donating capabilities of the substituents, on the efficiency of the π-conjugated linkage, and on the topology of the chromophores which can be tuned from the first generation of “push-pull” chromophores to more sophisticated two- or three-dimensional architectures.
Highlights
Arbor performed the first experiment of frequency doubling, or Second Harmonic Generation (SHG), on a crystal of quartz irradiated by a ruby laser operating at 694 nm [5]
In 1977, Oudar [10] reported the influence of donor and acceptor groups on the second and third order hyperpolarizabilities of a series of π conjugated molecules such as styrene and stilbene derivatives with various substituents. These were measured by static-electric field induced second harmonic generation (DC-SHG) and tunable four-wave mixing both in liquids and solutions
Boron compounds that exhibit nonlinear optical properties can generally be found in three forms: 1
Summary
Nonlinear optics is the multidisciplinary research domain which investigates the properties arising from the interactions of matter with intense electromagnetic fields, producing modified fields that are different from those of the input field in frequency, amplitude, phase or polarization [1]. Most nonlinear optical (NLO) responses were not observed before 1960 when Maiman built the first laser at the Hughes Research Laboratories of the Hughes Aircraft company in Malibu, California [2,3]. In the summer of 1961, Peter Franken and his group [4], at the University of Michigan, at Ann. Arbor performed the first experiment of frequency doubling, or Second Harmonic Generation (SHG), on a crystal of quartz irradiated by a ruby laser operating at 694 nm [5]. Arbor performed the first experiment of frequency doubling, or Second Harmonic Generation (SHG), on a crystal of quartz irradiated by a ruby laser operating at 694 nm [5]
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