Abstract
Isolated electrical systems lack electrical interconnection to other networks and are usually placed in geographically isolated areas—mainly islands or locations in developing countries. Until recently, only diesel generators were able to assure a safe and reliable supply in exchange for very high costs for fuel transportation and system operation. Transmission system operators (TSOs) are increasingly seeking to replace traditional energy models based on large groups of conventional generation units with mixed solutions where diesel groups are held as backup generation and important advantages are provided by renewable energy sources. The grid codes determine the technical requirements to be fulfilled by the generators connected in any electrical network, but regulations applied to isolated grids are more demanding. In technical literature it is rather easy to find and compare grid codes for interconnected electrical systems. However, the existing literature is incomplete and sparse regarding isolated grids. This paper aims to review the current state of isolated systems and grid codes applicable to them, specifying points of comparison and defining the guidelines to be followed by the upcoming regulations.
Highlights
IntroductionAccording to the European Directive 2009/72/EC, a small isolated system is defined as a system that consumed less than 3000 GWh in 1996 and which received less than 5% of this energy through interconnections [1]
According to the European Directive 2009/72/EC, a small isolated system is defined as a system that consumed less than 3000 GWh in 1996 and which received less than 5% of this energy through interconnections [1].Isolated systems are usually found in remote or geographically isolated locations, mainly on islands or settlements in developing countries, in areas of high ecological interest which must be protected and where there is abundance of renewable energy resources
There are difficulties in integrating intermittent energy resources in any electrical system. These difficulties are aggravated in an isolated system
Summary
According to the European Directive 2009/72/EC, a small isolated system is defined as a system that consumed less than 3000 GWh in 1996 and which received less than 5% of this energy through interconnections [1]. Isolated systems are usually found in remote or geographically isolated locations, mainly on islands or settlements in developing countries, in areas of high ecological interest which must be protected and where there is abundance of renewable energy resources They have a centralized topology, with radial networks and a few generation nodes that concentrate all the electrical power supply. Because a high percentage of supply depends on renewable energy, which is usually not controllable, it is necessary to establish new management protocols to ensure the safety and reliability of the electrical system at all times It follows that the technical requirements of the grid codes in isolated power systems are generally stricter than those for interconnected systems.
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