State-of-Charge Dependent Change of the Young’s Modulus in Lithium-Ion Batteries

Abstract

One way to increase the sustainability of lithium-ion batteries (LIB) is to extend the cycle life, e.g., in electric vehicles. To do this, the effects within a LIB must be understood and tracked over its lifetime. In addition to electrical (e.g. IR-drop) and thermal measurements (e.g. temperature inhomogeneities), a new approach for such studies is the use of ultrasound to investigate the mechanical changes inside a LIB [1]. With this low-cost technology, it is possible to detect mechanical degradation (e.g. local thickness change due to lithium plating) or Young’s moduli changes over lifetime and possibly counteract them by the battery management system.In this work a self-built device containing a LIB between two opposing transducers is used to study the impact of state-of-charge (SOC), current rate and frequency on the ultrasound signal inside the LIB. Based on the time the ultrasound signal takes to pass through the LIB (time-of-flight (TOF)), the speed of sound and the Young’s moduli can be determined. The influence of the applied current rate and the frequency of the transducer to the TOF/ speed of sound in the LIB is relatively small. However, the SOC has an impact on the TOF/ speed of sound, where the speed of sound is around 4.5% higher in the fully charged state with ~1740 m s-1 compared to the discharged state with ~1660 m s-1 (see Figure 1 (a)). One explanation for this phenomenon is the change in the lithium staging within the graphite anode. In a charged battery, the graphite anode is filled with lithium ions, which enhances the transmission properties of ultrasound. By knowing speed of sound, the Young’s modulus of the whole battery can be estimated as ~4.2 GPa in discharged state and ~5.6 GPa in the charged state (Figure 1 (b)). This significant increase can also be explained with the lithiation stages of the graphite anode, as the graphite particles themselves exhibit a threefold increase of the Young’s modulus during lithiation [2]. Additionally, the evolution of the speed of sound and Young’s moduli is studied during aging of the LIB.