Abstract
The discipline of international relations has mostly focused on state to state relations to deal with the economic, military and social affairs but with the recent proliferation of non-state actors whether it be an affluent Walmart or a destructive ISIS, it is more important than ever to realize that global relations and governance is now transnationalized. Among the set of non-state actors, they are mostly the autonomous violent non-state actors (AVNSA) that pose the greatest challenge to the existence and legitimacy of the state. What sets them apart from other violent non-state actors in the past is that these actors are now using strategies that go beyond violence. Such non-violent strategies further weaken states as the battle of hearts and minds is what wins constituency allegiance. More than ever, the need for states to raise the quality of their relations with the constituency themselves has risen as that is the only way they can gain back the legitimacy they lost.
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