Startle reflex facilitation as a function of classical eyeblink conditioning in humans

Abstract

I investigated whether classical eyeblink conditioning increases the activating effect of the conditional stimulus (CS) on the relevant alpha motoneuron pool in the facial nucleus. The activating effect was measured by the reflex modification method, where startle reflexes, sharing the facial nerve motor pathway with conditional and unconditional eyeblink reflexes, were elicited in the presence of reinforced and nonreinforced CSs (CS+ and CS-). To reduce influences of conditional arousal on startle, a weak airpuff to the eye was used as unconditional stimulus and relatively short stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) of 300 and 600 ms were used in three startle tests presented while conditioning was in progress. Two groups (N = 72) received 100% or 0% reinforcement (Groups 100 and 0) of a tone CS+. The CS- was not reinforced. Three startle tests, consisting of acoustic startle probes presented alone and after CS+ and CS- onset, were conducted early, middle, and late in conditioning. Results showed increased startle reflex facilitation after CS+ onset in the late startle test in Group 100, indicating that startle increased as a function of classical conditioning. Although reflex facilitation at the 300-ms SOA in Group 100 is consistent with the hypothesis that CS presentations activated motoneurons in the facial nucleus, the present study cannot itself definitively support this hypothesis. Reflex facilitation at the 600-ms SOA in Group 100 could be influenced by conditional arousal.