Abstract
The majority of plants are able to form the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis in association with AM fungi. During symbiosis development, plant cells undergo a complex reprogramming resulting in profound morphological and physiological changes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important components of the regulatory network of plant cells. To unravel the impact of miRNAs and miRNA-mediated mRNA cleavage on root cell reprogramming during AM symbiosis, we carried out high-throughput (Illumina) sequencing of small RNAs and degradome tags of Medicago truncatula roots. This led to the annotation of 243 novel miRNAs. An increased accumulation of several novel and conserved miRNAs in mycorrhizal roots suggest a role of these miRNAs during AM symbiosis. The degradome analysis led to the identification of 185 root transcripts as mature miRNA and also miRNA*-mediated mRNA cleavage targets. Several of the identified miRNA targets are known to be involved in root symbioses. In summary, the increased accumulation of specific miRNAs and the miRNA-mediated cleavage of symbiosis-relevant genes indicate that miRNAs are an important part of the regulatory network leading to symbiosis development.
Highlights
The majority of plants are able to form the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis in association with AM fungi
The goal of this study is to identify miRNAs and miRNA targets that are related to transcriptional reprogramming of plant cells during AM symbiosis
E.2*/l*/m* showed clear positive responses to increased phosphate nutrition. miR171h exhibited strongest expression in nodulated roots. This is of particular interest since we identified MtNsp2, a transcription factor necessary for nodulation symbiosis signaling (Kaló et al, 2005), to be a target of this miRNA (Table III; Supplemental Table S4). miR5204 was increased in mycorrhizal roots according to the read count analysis, which could be confirmed by quantitative real-time (qRT)-PCR
Summary
The majority of plants are able to form the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis in association with AM fungi. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important components of the regulatory network of plant cells. To unravel the impact of miRNAs and miRNA-mediated mRNA cleavage on root cell reprogramming during AM symbiosis, we carried out highthroughput (Illumina) sequencing of small RNAs and degradome tags of Medicago truncatula roots. This led to the annotation of 243 novel miRNAs. An increased accumulation of several novel and conserved miRNAs in mycorrhizal roots suggest a role of these miRNAs during AM symbiosis. The increased accumulation of specific miRNAs and the miRNA-mediated cleavage of symbiosis-relevant genes indicate that miRNAs are an important part of the regulatory network leading to symbiosis development. Present address: Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 162a, Avenue de la Faıencerie, L–1511
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