Abstract
One of the major therapeutic approaches of prostate cancer (PC) is androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), but patients develop resistance within 2–3 years, making the development of new therapeutic approaches of great importance. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized through green approaches have been studied as anticancer agents because of their physical-chemical properties. This study explored the cytotoxic capacity of starch-capped AgNPs, synthesized through green methods, in LNCaP and in PC-3 cells, a hormonal-sensitive and hormone-resistant PC cell line, respectively. These AgNPs were synthesized in a microwave pressurized synthesizer and characterized by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Their cytotoxicity was assessed regarding their ability to alter morphological aspect (optical microscopy), induce damage in cytoplasmic membrane (Trypan Blue Assay), mitochondria (WST-1 assay), cellular proliferation (BrdU assay), and cell cycle (Propidium iodide and flow-cytometry). AgNPs showed surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of approximately 408 nm and average size of 3 nm. The starch-capped AgNPs successfully induced damage in cytoplasmic membrane and mitochondria, at concentrations equal and above 20 ppm. These damages lead to cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 and G2/M, blockage of proliferation and death in LNCaP and PC-3 cells, respectively. This data shows these AgNPs’ potential as anticancer agents for the different stages of PC.
Highlights
Cancer is a major health problem worldwide with approximately 18.1 million new cancer cases and 9.6 million cancer deaths registered worldwide in 2018
The water used for the preparation of solutions was purified from a Milli-Q system and the reagents of high analytical grade were used without any treatment process or further purification: silver nitrate (LabKem, Barcelona, Spain), D-glucose anhydrous (Fisher Chemical, Leicestershire, U.K.) and potato starch soluble (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany)
The AgNPs were synthesized following a green approach using starch as capping and glucose as reducing agent, according to a procedure previously described by Kumar, S.V. et al
Summary
Cancer is a major health problem worldwide with approximately 18.1 million new cancer cases and 9.6 million cancer deaths registered worldwide in 2018 While five-year survival is almost 100% for patients with local and locally advanced disease, it drastically decreases for less than 30% in patients with metastatic disease [3] Since these tumors are highly dependent of the androgen pathway, one of the major therapeutic approaches applied in advanced/metastatic PC is the androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) [4]. In the last few years, new drugs with increased sensitivity or aiming to new targets have come up They showed limited benefits leading to patients’ relapse [7]. Overcoming treatment resistance remains the major challenge in PC patients’ management
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