Abstract
Staphylococcal infections are extensively investigated in humans owing to the resistance of staphylococci to diverse antibiotics commonly used in hospitals. The resistance mechanism of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus has garnered the interest of researchers due to its risk to the global public health. Furthermore, the zoonotic potential of staphylococci has led to increased interest in their transmission mechanism via food, livestock, as well as domestic and wild animals. Although fish are globally consumed, there are only few studies on the potential threat of staphylococcal infection in aquatic animals. In this study, we present the first description of Staphylococcus xylosus infection and its pathogenicity in rainbow trout, which resulted in fish mortality and economic losses in trout fisheries. We focused on the pathogenic role of the bacterium and its influence on rainbow trout based on the clinical symptoms in the eyes. Staphylococcus xylosus infection induced exophthalmia and disrupted the primary immune barrier, which increased the possibility of other secondary bacterial infections in fish under poor conditions, resulting in continuous mortality.
Highlights
Staphylococcus is a Gram positive, spherical, mostly coagulase positive bacterium belonging to the Staphylococcaceae family and order Bacillales [1]
It is known as a commensal bacterium that generally occurs on the skin and mucous membranes of several animals and considered a nonpathogenic bacteria occurring on rodent skin [8]
Our study focused on the S. xylosus infection in rainbow trout fisheries of Korea which induced mortality and broke primary immune barrier of the fish due to exophthalmia
Summary
Staphylococcus is a Gram positive, spherical, mostly coagulase positive bacterium belonging to the Staphylococcaceae family and order Bacillales [1]. The genus Staphylococcus comprises 11 clusters and includes at least 40 species They are normally present on the skin and mucous membranes of healthy humans and animals, but their pathogenicity and infection mechanism have gained considerable interest of late, due to their resistance to various antibiotics [3]. Staphylococcus xylosus shares its characteristics with other Staphylococcus spp., but is a coagulase negative bacterium belonging to the group of Staphylococcus saprophyticus [7]. It is known as a commensal bacterium that generally occurs on the skin and mucous membranes of several animals and considered a nonpathogenic bacteria occurring on rodent skin [8]. The bacterium is known to be ubiquitous in nature, persisting
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