Abstract
We asked whether transient Staphylococcus aureus in the oral environment synergistically interacts with orally associated bacterial species such as Actinomyces oris, Candida albicans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus mutans, and Veillonella dispar (six-species control biofilm 6S). For this purpose, four modified biofilms with seven species that contain either the wild type strain of the S. aureus genotype (USA300-MRSA WT), its isogenic mutant with MSCRAMM deficiency (USA300-MRSA ΔMSCRAMM), a methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (ST72-MSSA-) or a methicillin-resistant S. aureus (USA800-MRSA) grown on hydroxyapatite disks were examined. Culture analyses, confocal-laser-scanning microscopy and proteome analyses were performed. S. aureus strains affected the amount of supragingival biofilm-associated species differently. The deletion of MSCRAMM genes disrupted the growth of S. aureus and the distribution of S. mutans and S. oralis within the biofilms. In addition, S. aureus caused shifts in the number of detectable proteins of other species in the 6S biofilm. S. aureus (USA300-MRSA WT), aggregated together with early colonizers such as Actinomyces and streptococci, influenced the number of secondary colonizers such as Fusobacterium nucleatum and was involved in structuring the biofilm architecture that triggered the change from a homeostatic biofilm to a dysbiotic biofilm to the development of oral diseases.
Highlights
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) colonizes the skin or mucous membranes of a broad range of hosts, including humans, and is responsible for an enormous burden on the health care system [1]
To test whether S. aureus strains differ in their ability to grow in a polymicrobial oral biofilm, we co-incubated six different oral bacterial species (6S) with different S. aureus isolates (n = 4), which varied in their resistance and virulence gene profile, on hydroxyapatite disks (Table 1)
V. dispar and F. nucleatum moderately increased in numbers when adding the WT or methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strain to the other microorganisms
Summary
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) colonizes the skin or mucous membranes of a broad range of hosts, including humans, and is responsible for an enormous burden on the health care system [1]. Oral biofilms are present on all intra-oral surfaces They are composed of multi-species microorganisms that interact with and maintain a mutually beneficial relationship with each other and with the host. What is clear is that oral diseases arise as a result of a change in the proportion of certain species, with greater pathogenic potential in the indigenous flora, accompanied by the host’s immune reaction and an inflammatory response. It is the prevalence of a certain combination of microbial species associated with the host’s inability to contain its proliferation that is more indicative of a risk for disease development
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