Staphylococcins: an update on antimicrobial peptides produced by staphylococci and their diverse potential applications.

Abstract

Staphylococcins are antimicrobial peptides or proteins produced by staphylococci. They can be separated into different classes, depending on their amino acid composition, structural complexity, and steps involved in their production. In this review, an overview of the current knowledge on staphylococcins will be presented with emphasis on the information collected in the last decade, including a brief description of new peptides. Most staphylococcins characterized to date are either lantibiotics or linear class II bacteriocins. Recently, gene clusters coding for production of circular bacteriocins, sactipeptides, and thiopeptides have been mined from the genome of staphylococcal isolates. In contrast to class II bacteriocins, lantibiotics, sactipeptides, and thiopeptides undergo post-translational modifications that can be quite extensive, depending on the peptide. Few staphylococcins inhibit only some staphylococcal species, but most of them have proven to target pathogens belonging to different genera and involved in a variety of infectious diseases of clinical or agronomic importance. Therefore, these peptides exhibit potential application as anti-infective drugs in different areas. This review will also cover this diverse and remarkable potential. To be commercialized, however, staphylococcin production should be cost-effective and resultin high bacteriocin yields, which are not generally achieved from the culture supernatant of their native producers. Such low yields make their production quite costly and not suitable at large industrial scale. Efforts already made to overcome this limitation, minimizing costs and time of production of some staphylococcins and employing either chemical synthesis or in vivo biosynthesis, will be addressed in this review as well. KEY POINTS: • Staphylococci produce a variety of antimicrobial peptides known as staphylococcins. • Most staphylococcins are post-translationally modified peptides. • Staphylococcins exhibit potential biotechnological applications. Graphical abstract.