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Abstract
SnOx-porous carbon nanofiber flexible mats deliver a high reversible capacity of 545 mA h g−1 after 1000 cycles at 200 mA g−1.
Highlights
Great attention has been devoted to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with high energy density and long cycle stability to meet increasing demands in many elds,[1] such as portable electronics[2] and electric vehicles,[2,3,4,5,6] as well as large-scale stationary energy storage systems.[4,7] the energy density, power density, and cyclic stability of commercial LIBs whose theoretical capacities are just 137 and 372 mA h gÀ1 for LiCoO2 (50% delithiation) and graphite need to be further improved.[1]
Flexible mats composed of ultra-small SnOx nanoparticles, graphene, and carbon fibers are synthesized by reducing graphene oxide with stannous ions at room temperature following treatments
A new strategy for preparing graphene by reducing graphene oxide (GO) with stannous ions was explored for the synthesis of SnOx–G nanocomposite
Summary
Great attention has been devoted to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with high energy density and long cycle stability to meet increasing demands in many elds,[1] such as portable electronics[2] and electric vehicles,[2,3,4,5,6] as well as large-scale stationary energy storage systems.[4,7] the energy density, power density, and cyclic stability of commercial LIBs whose theoretical capacities are just 137 and 372 mA h gÀ1 for LiCoO2 (50% delithiation) and graphite need to be further improved.[1]. Tin oxides were nanosized to minimize the strain during volume changes.[4,17,18,19] This strategy, results in a relatively high irreversible capacity in the initial cycle, arising from formation of enlarged solid electrolyte interface (SEI) lms because of the high speci c area of nanomaterials.[20] Another approach is to integrate tin oxides with carbonaceous materials to accommodate their huge volume changes, including amorphous carbon, mesoporous carbon, graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) or carbon nano ber mats.[4,5] For example, SnO2–graphene composites have been synthesized using tin salts and graphene oxide (GO) as raw materials by many methods,[11] such as NaBH4 reduction,[21] hydrothermal growth,[22] and in situ deposition.[5] Additional reductants are commonly used in the above routes to reduce GO. The micrometer-sized nickel foam with relatively low speci c surface area cannot load nanomaterials at sufficiently high content of active materials; the great interest in exploring tin oxides for fabrication of binder-free anodes for LIBs.[29,31]. Such superior electrochemical results were ascribed to the carbon and graphene double-protection strategy and the ultra-small size of tin oxides
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