Standards, Conformity Assessment, and Accreditation for Engineers

Abstract

ISO/IEC Guide 2 Standardization and Related Activities-General Vocabulary Introduction ISO/IEC 17000 Conformity Assessment-Vocabulary and General Principles Introduction Bibliography References Standards The Economic Benefits of Standardization Anatomy of a Standard Variations on a Theme Modularity in Standards Descriptive Provisions versus Performance Provisions in Standards Good Standards versus Bad Standards Other Types of and Names for Standards Not Identified in ISO/IEC Guide 2 Codes and Other Pre-Regulation Standards Applications of Standards Abuses of Standards The Life Cycle of a Standard References Standards Development Introduction Classical Methods Consortia and Similar Methods of Standard Setting Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Methods Conclusions Accreditation of Conformity Assessment Bodies (CABs)-ISO/IEC 17011 Introduction Example of an Accreditation System in the United States Outline of the Requirements of ISO/IEC 17011 Connections between Standards for Vocabulary, Conformity Assessment, Accreditation, and Other Applicable Standards and Documents Summary International Standards, Conformity Assessment, and Accreditation What Is an International Standard? Why International Standards? International Standards Need to be Globally Relevant Conformity Assessment in International Trade The Principal International Standards Organizations: ISO, IEC, and ITU Overview of Standards, Conformity Assessment, and Accreditation Bodies Common Elements of the ISO and the IEC ISONET and the International Classification for Standards (ICS) The Standards Development Stage Codes An Example of the Project Stage Codes The ISO The IEC The ITU Regional Standards and Conformity Assessment Introduction European Union Regional Standards and Conformity Assessment in Other Areas Concluding Remarks National Standards, Conformity Assessment, and Accreditation Bodies Introduction: Do Unique National Standards Have a Future? Standards, Conformity Assessment, and Accreditation in the United States Some Representative US Bodies for Non-ICT Standards and Conformity Assessment Some Representative US Bodies for ICT Standards and Conformity Assessment Standards, Conformity Assessment, and Accreditation in Canada Standards and Conformity Assessment in Japan Standards and Conformity Assessment in Germany Provincial (State) and Local Standards and Conformity Assessment Introduction The National Electrical Code (NEC) Model Building Codes Adopted by States State Highway Standards The MTBE Fiasco: State Standards Leading Federal Standards State's Departments of Agriculture States Have Options on ICT Standards Legal Issues in Standards and Conformity Assessment Introduction Products Liability of Manufacturers and Others McDonnell and Miller, Inc. Caper Indian Head, Inc. v. Allied Tube and Conduit Corporation and the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) National Cooperative Research Act (NCRA) of 1984 (P.L. 98-462) Standards Development Organization Advancement Act (SDOAA) of 2004 (P.L. 108-237) Civil Liability of Standards Developers Standards and Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) Patents Clauses from the ANSI Essential Requirements Federal Roles in Standards, Conformity Assessment, and Accreditation Background Overview of Federal Government Activities in Conformity Assessment Administrative Procedures Act (5 U.S.C., 1976, as Amended) OMB Circular A-119 (First Take) The Department of Defense (DOD) National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program (NVLAP) and the National Voluntary Conformity Assessment System Evaluation (NVCASE) Program Fastener Quality Act (P.L. 101-592, as Amended under P.L. 104-113, P.L. 105-234 and P.L. 106-34) National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act (NTTAA) of 1995 (P.L. 104-113) and the OMB Circular No. A-119 (Revised February 10, 1998) (Take 2) Conformity Assessment under the NTTAA Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Management Aspects of Standards, Conformity Assessment, and Accreditation Two Cultures Economics (Benefits and Costs) of Standardization Microeconomics of Standardization Variety Reduction (Simplification) Remains an Important Principle Relationship of Standards and Conformity Assessment to Innovative and Competitive Strategies Strategic Standardization Management (SSM)(TM) Quality and Environmental Management Standards: ISO 9000 and ISO 14000 Company Use of External Standards Why a Company Should Participate in Standards Development Managing Complexity in Conformity Assessment Macroeconomics of Standards Access to Standards and Standards Developers Appendix 1: Alphabetical Index for Chapter 1 (Guide 2) Appendix 2: Alphabetical Index for Chapter 2 (ISO/IEC 17000) Appendix 3: Abbreviations and Acronyms for Standards, Conformity Assessment, and Accreditation Appendix 4: URLs for Standards, Conformity Assessment, and Accreditation Appendix 5: List of NIST Guides on Selected European Union Directives Appendix 6: Lists of International Standards Organizations Appendix 7: List of Regional Standards Organizations Appendix 8: List of National Standards Bodies References appear at the end of each chapter.