Abstract
Sheath lesions, grain sterility and grain discolouration of rice caused by Pseudomonas fuscovaginae can cause yield losses of up to 100 %. The most sustainable method of managing this disease is the use of host plant resistance. To identify sources of resistance an inoculation method that is practical, rapid and reliable is needed. We compare three different inoculation methods. Results showed that the pin-prick method is appropriate for identifying sources of resistance to P. fuscovaginae, while the spray method could be useful for mass screening of rice genotypes. The seed-soaking method was also evaluated and has showed potential in detection of early disease resistance. A total of 16 Multiparent Advanced Generation Inter-Crosses and 20 OryzaSNP set varieties from the International Rice Research Institute were evaluated using the pin-prick and seed-soaking methods. All growth stages were susceptible to the pathogen and the 107 cfu mL−1 inoculum concentration was optimal for discriminating between resistant and susceptible genotypes. For the pin-prick method, a single point assessment of disease severity at 14 days post-inoculation could be used instead of the AUDPC values to classify genotypes. An index of reduction in seedling height 10 days after seed soaking was established for the classification of the genotypes reaction to the disease. Resistant varieties identified using both the pin-prick and seed-soaking methods could be verified for use in disease resistance breeding programs. Of the 36 genotypes evaluated 22 were found to be resistant at the late booting or early panicle exsertion stage by pin-prick method, while 25 were resistant at the seed to germination stage. No correlation was found between the resistance classification of varieties between the two inoculation methods, indicating that there could be different mechanisms of resistance to P. fuscovaginae in rice.
Highlights
Anxiety disorders among children and adolescents are prevalent and can result in significant deleterious consequences
Working alliance is important in determining clinical outcome for online treatment for anxiety among adolescents, with minimal therapist assistance, this was not the case for younger children
Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) has been shown to be highly efficacious in treating youth anxiety within a clinic-based setting [1,2] and, only a handful of studies have examined the efficacy of an Internet-based treatment approach to youth anxiety, the results are encouraging and demonstrate similar remission rates to clinic-based CBT [3,4,5]
Summary
Anxiety disorders among children and adolescents are prevalent and can result in significant deleterious consequences. Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) has been shown to be highly efficacious in treating youth anxiety within a clinic-based setting [1,2] and, only a handful of studies have examined the efficacy of an Internet-based treatment approach to youth anxiety, the results are encouraging and demonstrate similar remission rates to clinic-based CBT [3,4,5]. Approximately 43.5% of children continue to meet diagnostic criteria for a primary anxiety disorder following clinic-based CBT for an anxiety disorder [6], with similar rates evident in the few studies that have used either full or partial Internet delivery of treatment [3,4,7]. Substantial evidence exists that positive therapy outcomes are related to the therapist–client working alliance
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