Abstract
In major clinical surveys Graves’ disease (thyroid ophthalmopathy) is the most common cause of exophthalmos — in about 50% in cases of unilateral and in about 90% in cases with bilateral proptosis [5,7]. Clinical signs and symptoms are defined and summarized in a number of classifications and modifications (Table 1) [6, 15]. Besides clinical and endocrinologic diagnosis, both of which can be difficult particularly in hypothyroid and euthyroid patients, standardized echography has become very valuable and effective in the diagnosis of Graves’ disease [9, 12, 13].KeywordsRectus MuscleExtraocular MuscleOptic Nerve SheathOrbital TissueStandardize EchographyThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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