Abstract
Common specification of data promotes data exchange among many and unspecified individuals and organizations. However, standardization itself tends to discourage innovation that can create new uses of data. To overcome this dilemma of innovation and standardization, this paper analyzes and proposes hypotheses regarding the process through which the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has realized innovations such as web applications by updating the standard. I hypothesize the following changes in standardization process management at the W3C as key factors supporting innovation through standardization among stakeholders with conflicting interests: (1) defining the scope of the specifications to be developed according to functions instead of technical structures; (2) design of a development management policy based on feedback from implementations, referred to as an “implementation-oriented policy”; (3) inclusion of diversified stakeholders in open standardization processes that facilitate consensus formation and the diffusion of developed standards; and (4) adopting a royalty-free to encourage third-party developers to implement proposed specifications and advance update of proposals. This single case analysis leads to the development and diffusion of common technological data specifications, which are the driving factors for innovation utilizing big data generated by exchanging data of various origins.
Highlights
The development of conditions for data-driven management is being advanced due to global digitalization, including the use of artificial intelligence (AI)
This paper proposes hypotheses of promotional factors for data exchange among diversified organizations and individuals through a qualitative analysis of an emerging use case of standardization among fiercely competitive players with different contexts at the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
Defining scope by function has an effect on processes, and all proposals to realize the same function are inevitably reviewed by a single working group (WG); only one converged specification is certified as a standard
Summary
The development of conditions for data-driven management is being advanced due to global digitalization, including the use of artificial intelligence (AI). Apple welcomes the diffusion of web applications thatactivities run on browsers of MacOS and iOS and contributed towards development and standardization (Figure 2). There had been conflict regarding the role of web browsers, and the differences in terms of the ideal role of browsers have made it difficult to update the HTML standard Microsoft changed their attitude to HTML5 and has launched a business with their own web applications named Office online. To promote data sharing and trading among various and diversified organizations and individuals, data must be generated according to common specifications including ontology, vocabulary, syntax and so on to utilize and analyze with AI interestedly Each organization has their own vocabulary and data model, and it is difficult to standardize such specifications. Standards for data transaction have similar features in HTML5 because learning data for AI is a new application, and the requirement for specification is different from that in existing applications
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