Standard-Free Quantitation of Mixtures Using Clusters Formed by Electrospray Mass Spectrometry

Abstract

Ion abundances in electrospray ionization mass spectra depend on many factors, including molecular hydrophobicity, basicity, solution composition, and instrumental parameters. A recently introduced method that uses nonspecific cluster ion abundances to obtain solution-phase molar fractions of analytes directly from ESI mass spectra without using standards was evaluated using solutions containing 0.03-24% L-threonine, D-threonine, L-leucine, L-lysine, L-glutamic acid, or diglycine with L-serine as a major component. Because of the propensity of serine clusters to exhibit "magic" numbers, which can be chirally selective, these experiments provide a rigorous test of this standard-free cluster quantitation method, which requires that clusters form statistically from analytes in solution. For each of these solutions, the compositions of clusters containing > or = 32 molecules reflect the solution molar fractions of each component. From the abundances of these larger clusters, the solution molar fraction can be determined to better than 10% accuracy over nearly 3 orders of magnitude in concentration. In contrast, the ionization/detection efficiency of the individual amino acids differs by as much as a factor of 460 in these experiments. The protonated octamer incorporates some molecules statistically but efficiently excludes other molecules that have significantly different properties or chirality. This standard-free quantitation method may be most advantageous for rapidly characterizing mixtures, such as products of chemical synthesis, which contain unknown products or molecules for which suitable standards are not readily available.