Standard approaches for upper extremity nerve blocks with an emphasis on outpatient surgery

Abstract

Currently, no standards exist with regard to the techniques and administration of ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve blocks. Consequently, the techniques and teaching substantially vary among practitioners and institutions. The purpose of this review is to propose a set of standard US-guided techniques for upper extremity nerve blocks. On the basis of the synthesis of information in available literature and the consensus of an internationally recognized collaborative panel of regional anaesthesia experts, the review recommends a standardized approach to common upper extremity nerve blocks using ultrasound guidance. A set of structured recommendations and approaches are suggested to help standardize clinical practice and teaching of ultrasound-guided upper extremity nerve blocks. Additional emphasis is placed on the discussion of nerve blocks in outpatient surgery.