Stand out from matrix: Ultra-sensitive LC−MS/MS method for determination of histamine in complex biological samples using derivatization and solid phase extraction

Abstract

The determination of low abundant endogenous components is a challenge for the clinical samples. Histamine, a crucial endogenous component, fulfils various regulatory and mediatory functions in human, and the change of content is a critical index for the diagnosis of some diseases, especially allergy, asthma, and anaphylactic shock. However, it is challenging to detect histamine because of the low stability and concentration in complex biological samples. Here we developed an ultra-sensitive and accurate LC−MS/MS quantification method based on derivatization, isotope dilution, and solid phase extraction. The derivatization of histamine with diisopropyl phosphite (DIPP) not only enhanced the retention on the LC column but also improved the ionization efficiency. Next, solid phase extraction was applied to remove the interference, which finally resulted in standing out of the trace histamine from the high contents of the matrix. The lowest limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 0.1 pg/mL that is enough low to determine the histamine in one cell and low nano-liter of serum. This approach was successfully applied for the quantification of histamine in clinical serum samples of asthma patients and mast cell treated with chemicals modulating histamine release.