Stalking: Classification and Typology

Abstract

Stalking, as currently conceptualized, is a complex phenomenon, and individual stalking cases can be quite distinct. Several authors have proposed classification schemes in an effort to discern and understand common themes among cases of stalking. These stalking “typologies” reflect both theoretical considerations and empirical examinations of persons whose behaviors have shaped the definition of stalking. Typologies have been constructed from clinical and law enforcement perspectives. Classification schemes to date have been broadly based on factors such as the motivation of the stalker, psychiatric symptoms among stalkers, the nature of the relationship between the pursuer and the victim, victim characteristics, and harm to the victim. These classifications have been conceptualized to assist with risk assessment, risk management, and treatment considerations in stalking cases. This chapter describes some historical underpinnings of classification categories, compares existing typologies of stalkers, and explicates the typological scheme adopted throughout this book. Over the last 15 years, stalking has become increasingly recognized as a distinctive form of potentially criminal behavior that may come to the attention of mental health professionals. At the same time that the criminal justice system has grappled with defining stalking for legal purposes, clinicians who encounter stalking behavior have attempted to create useful classifications of stalking behaviors. Attempts have also been made to develop taxonomies of stalking types that might guide law enforcement professionals. Taxonomic classifications are common in science and, when they are successful, they help us organize and identify unique aspects of information and refine our understanding of the given phenomenon under study. Setting up a system of classification of stalking, a behavior that is difficult to define and codify, has several advantages. Once established, a useful taxonomy of stalkers could improve communication among professionals and could help them better appreciate aspects of stalking, including the natural course of the behavior and prognosis of particular stalkers. In addition, taxonomic categorization can facilitate case comparisons and improve clinicians’ abilities to assess risks, manage risks, and provide treatment. Stalking typologies may also enlighten decisions about social policy and legal regulation related to the phenomenon.