Staling of white wheat bread crumb and effect of maltogenic α-amylases. Part 3: Spatial evolution of bread staling with time by near infrared hyperspectral imaging

Abstract

This paper explores how the staling of white bread affects the behavior of the whole crumb surface and how that mechanism is interrupted/changed by the addition of maltogenic α-amylases. This is done using near infrared hyperspectral imaging, machine learning methodologies and the knowledge acquired in the previous two manuscripts. Methods like principal component analysis and multivariate curve resolution demonstrate how the constituents of the bread being stored (for 21 days) evolve differently depending on the presence/absence of maltogenic α-amylases and also which parts of the crumb are primarily exposed to changes. The spatial distribution of the hardness is calculated in the entire surface of the slice area during staling by using partial least square regression. This manuscript comprehends one of the largest studies made on white bread staling and proposes a complete methodology using near infrared hyperspectral imaging and machine learning.