Stakeholder Mapping and Analysis of the Renewable Energy Industry in Indonesia

This research is motivated by the role of the Institute for Essential Services Reform (IESR), a think tank in the energy and environmental sectors. IESR has a significant role in encouraging Indonesia-Australia renewable energy cooperation between the period 2018 to 2023, IESR has participated to support an increase in the application of renewable energy in Indonesia. The benefits of this research as a simple form of formulating how cooperation between Indonesia and Australia through the role of IESR to strengthen bilateral relations in the renewable energy sector. Meanwhile, this research also shares information related to several cooperation programs applied by IESR in cooperation between Indonesia and Australia through the renewable energy sector. The author uses journal search websites such as Google Scholar to search for literature related to IESR's role in renewable energy cooperation. The author also uses the Harzing; Published or Published application to detect the findings of relevant scientific publications and can measure related impacts through this understanding, this research can contribute to the development of an effective IESR role in the future. The author identifies several aspects related to IESR's role in renewable energy cooperation. First, IESR's role in facilitating the implementation of cooperation programs and information exchange in the renewable energy sector between Indonesia and Australia. And secondly, the role of IESR's cooperation evaluation is to encourage urgency in the renewable and sustainable energy sector..

This article discusses the role of MNCs in the application of renewable energy in Indonesia. The pressing issue with renewable energy in Indonesia is the critical need for more funding to realize renewable energy programs to achieve SDG targets. Many MNCs invest in the renewable energy sector in Indonesia, such as solar, wind, geothermal, hydroelectric, and others. The SDGs concept is used in this research by looking at the application aspect, its effect on the economy, and MNC involvement in renewable energy in Indonesia. This research aims to accelerate the application of renewable energy in Indonesia by supporting all stakeholders in focusing on the application of renewable energy for shared economic growth.

Indonesia is a developing country with a high dependence on fossil fuels. To promote renewable energy, the government has implemented several policies, including a feed-in tariff system and tax incentives. However, the renewable energy sector in Indonesia still faces various challenges, including the fiscal policy gap. This paper aims to analyze the political economy of Indonesia’s renewable energy sector and its fiscal policy gap. We argue that the fiscal policy gap is the result of the interests of fossil fuel stakeholders who have managed to influence policy-making processes. We conclude that to overcome the fiscal policy gap, the government needs to establish a strong political will to promote renewable energy and reduce the influence of fossil fuel stakeholders. The article “The Political Economy of Indonesia’s Renewable Energy Sector and Its Fiscal Policy Gap” provides an analysis of the political economy of Indonesia's renewable energy sector and the gap in its fiscal policy. The study aims to understand the reasons for the slow progress of Indonesia's renewable energy sector and to propose a policy framework for accelerating its development. The study uses a qualitative research method and draws on data from a variety of sources, including academic studies, policy documents, and interviews with industry experts and policymakers. The findings reveal that the slow progress of Indonesia's renewable energy sector is due to a lack of political will, institutional fragmentation, and a lack of coordination among stakeholders. The study recommends that Indonesia adopt a comprehensive and integrated policy framework to overcome these challenges, including developing a national energy strategy, implementing effective fiscal incentives, and improving the regulatory environment.

The Indonesian Government have set several medium-term targets for renewable energy development that aim to support the transition of the Indonesian electricity sector to a lower carbon future while still maintaining sustainable growth. Achieving such targets requires clear policy and regulation, a strict mandate, improved coordination among institutions, and large-scale investment. While these targets may appear to be unrealistic, in light of the Paris Agreement, Indonesia like many countries has a global obligation to reform its energy sector, transitioning away from a reliance on fossil fuels. Due to limited public finances, private sector investment has been identified as crucial for renewable energy development in Indonesia. My research aims to create a framework through which the effectiveness of Indonesian energy policy options that seek to enhance private sector investment in renewable energy development can be assessed. The framework is based on the dimensions of the energy trilemma: energy equity, energy security, and environmental sustainability.Indonesia is blessed with abundant fossil fuel and renewable energy resources, however around 10% of its population remains without access to electricity. Historically, there has been a dependence on fossil fuels, based on a belief that the country is rich in oil. However, in fact Indonesia has become a net importer of oil since 2004 and over the years, state revenue from oil and gas exports has continued to decline. Indonesian energy policy has traditionally subsidised the production and consumption of fossil fuels. Despite this, Indonesia’s energy policy has continued to support the production of fossil fuels and subsidised their domestic consumption. This precedent has seen Indonesia lag behind other countries in the search for more reliable and sustainable energy options. At the same time geographical challenges of Indonesia, extending across thousands of islands, further complicates the challenges of sustainable energy policy. This thesis takes an institutionalists’ approach to investigate the energy transition in Indonesia, emphasising the importance of cooperation among institutions, different levels of government, the private sector, and civil society. I take a private sector perspective (i.e. renewable energy developers and investors) to investigate the barriers and enablers of renewable energy investment in Indonesia. The analysis presented recognises the need for the involvement of multi actors within the policy making process. In addition, this thesis examines micro-level policy making in Indonesia, which takes into account local political and social aspects that may influence policy designed to address global environmental issues such as climate change.The methodology used in this thesis is qualitative. The methodology involved reviewing relevant documents and soliciting stories and observations based on the views of experts, business practitioners, government officials, and civil society through in-depth interviews. A qualitative approach enables an assessment of the complexity and extensiveness of Indonesia’s energy transition through the exploration of assumptions and interactions among actors, priorities, and interests. A qualitative approach can be considered more suitable than quantitative approaches when exploring phenomenon that involve multiple actors, their interactions, and the dynamics of an often fast-changing policy and political landscape.This thesis commences by investigating the background of Indonesia’s renewable energy targets. This is followed by an investigation of the barriers to private sector investment in renewable energy. Key barriers include policy uncertainty as a result of changing staff, contradictory priorities, and different interpretations of the mandate to provide affordable energy access. Further analysis focussed on the structure and policy framework in which the state electricity company, PLN, is embedded. Recommendations for the reform of the electricity sector in Indonesia follow, drawn from experiences in other countries. The findings suggest a need to establish alternative institutional arrangements in response to an unaccommodating national government policy towards renewable energy.Analysing renewable energy development from a private sector perspective contributes to the discourse of how policy can be better formulated to promote renewable energy in Indonesia with the hope of encouraging policymakers to practice more evidence-based policy making in the energy sector. The thesis calls for more transparent policymaking to address the current shortcomings of renewable energy policy making in Indonesia, which undermines the importance of private sector perspectives and the role of other stakeholders. It highlights that in unfavourable political conditions for renewable energy investment, the private sector needs to innovate and find ways to thrive.

It is ironic to note that Indonesia remains a net importer of energy, which has been one of the basic needs of the Indonesians. As the efforts to decrease the energy import and to secure energy supply, including through Renewable Energy (RE) development which has already started, the gap between the target and the actual is observable and acknowledged in existing studies or official reports by the authorities. Alignment between Islamic Finance (IF) and Renewable Energy can be observed, as both ideally have a preference for the earth and environment-friendly program. They align with several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including SDG 7 on affordable and clean energy, SDG 10 on reduced inequality, SDG 13 on climate action, and SDG 17 on partnership on the goals. That is why this study aims to explore the opportunities and challenges of waqf-based renewable energy in Indonesia. To this end, a Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with 15 key informants from 12 different institutions was conducted by Waqf Center for Indonesian Development and Studies (WaCIDS). Notable views from relevant stakeholders, the representatives of both waqf and the RE sector, are complemented by an open-ended questionnaire, which was circulated during the session. Data is analyzed using thematic analysis with the assistance of Atlas.ti software. As a pioneer study that relates waqf and renewable energy in Indonesia, this study provides an avenue for further research and implementation. This study is expected to offer theoretical and practical references on waqf and RE discourse. As the waqf-related stakeholders may gain insight into entering the RE projects, the RE practitioners may also acknowledge the potential of waqf as part of financing alternatives. Hopefully, this study can benefit the policymakers and the pivotal stakeholders in seeking a solution to secure and sustain energy in Indonesia.

The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) is an international financial institution and a specialized United Nations agency dedicated to eradicating poverty and hunger in rural areas of developing countries. The ‘Livestock and Renewable Energy’ Thematic Paper is part of a toolkit for development practitioners, created to support the design of appropriate livestock development interventions. It has been developed to assess existing synergies between livestock and the renewable energy sector and consider the potential benefits that could arise from their interactions, such as mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions, environmental preservation (soil restoration), and availability of clean, affordable and reliable energy sources (e.g. biogas). The paper is divided into two sections. The first part looks at livestock’s potential as a renewable energy source. For example, through the use of cost-effective technologies such as biogas systems that can stem methane emissions from livestock manure by recovering the gas and using it as an energy source as an alternative to wood/charcoal or fossil fuel. The second part, given the climate change scenario, considers viable applications of renewable energy technologies (RETs) addressed for small-scale farmers and livestock keepers at different levels of the value chain that can provide multifunctional benefits for households, community and environment. Drawing on knowledge gained from IFAD-supported projects and from experiences and lessons learned by other IFAD partners, the paper provides recommendations for project design and possible actions to encourage the use of RETs that will enhance a sustainable livestock sector, preserve the environment and facilitate access to a renewable and sustainable energy sector. The paper thus seeks to identify the direct benefits from combining policy measures and innovation technologies for poor small-scale farmers and their production systems.

In the use of energy in Indonesia, is still completely dependent on non-renewable energy such as petroleum, coal and natural gas as the source of its energy needs. After being implemented by the government to realize the renewable energy mix it still experiences various obstacles including technical, non-technical and price competition with fossil energy which tends to be cheaper, causing development of renewable energy is hampered and the energy mix achieved is only around 6.2% overall with growth of 0.39 per year. This research will discuss the effectiveness of regulations issued by the Indonesian government relating to foreign investment in the renewable energy sector. The purpose of this research, will contribute in the form of ideas to relevant agencies, such as the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of the Republic of Indonesia because it is directly related to renewable energy in Indonesia. The method that will be used in this research is empirical normative juridical, which uses facts in the field and is analyzed based on applicable laws and regulations. Keywords: Renewable Energy, Investment, Foreign

Abundant potential of renewable energy (RE) in Indonesia is predicted to replace conventional energy which continues to experience depletion year by year. However, until now, the use of RE has only reached 2% of the existing potential of 441.7 GW. The main overview of this work is to investigate the availability of RE that can be utilized for electricity generation in Indonesia. National energy demand and targets in the long run during the 2017–2050 period are also discussed. Besides, government policies in supporting RE development are considered in this work. The results show that the potential of RE in Indonesia can be utilized and might replace conventional energy for decades. The use of RE for electricity generation can be achieved by employing a government policy that supports the investor as the executor of RE development. The selling price of electricity generated from RE is cheaper than electricity generated from fossils; this makes economy is more affordable for people. Finally, the target set by the government for utilizing RE as the main energy in Indonesia can be done by implementing several policies for the RE development. Thus, greenhouse gas emissions and the use of petroleum fuels can be reduced.

As the globe transitions to a low-carbon economy, China's renewable energy (RE) sector is crucial to attaining sustainable growth. Green financing and corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategies have become increasingly important in promoting the growth and sustainability of the RE sector. In order to evaluate CSR factors and green finance strategies for effective integration in supporting the RE industry, this research employs hybrid Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) and Fuzzy VIekriterijumsko KOmpromisno Rangiranje (FVIKOR) approaches in the context of China. The FAHP method is used to determine the various CSR factors and subfactors, while the FVIKOR method is employed to prioritize the key green finance strategies. The findings of the FAHP method highlight the importance of socioeconomic development, environmental protection, and stakeholder engagement as critical CSR factors for RE sectors. Moreover, the results of the FVIKOR method reveal that innovative financing mechanisms, green bonds, and green banks emerged as significant green finance strategies for mobilizing capital and resources for RE projects. The study highlights the value of aspects of CSR and green financing techniques in fostering sustainable development in the RE industry. The results can aid in the promotion of sustainable practices and the assistance of China's transition to a more resource- and environment-wise economy by firms, investors, governments, and other stakeholders.

This research examines the knowledge of college students about the development of new and renewable energy in Indonesia. Furthermore, this study intends to see how the college students perceive the government performance, which has associated with the effectiveness of what types of media are appropriate in increasing the knowledge of the college students about new and renewable developments energy in Indonesia. This research method uses a quantitative descriptive method. The population in this study is the younger generation who are students on campuses in North Sumatra. The research sample was 146 respondents. The sampling process uses quota sampling. The data collection technique was carried out using a questionnaire instrument. The analysis used in this research is the single table and cross-table analysis. This study indicated that college students still did not fully understand what new and renewable energy is. In addition, students' knowledge of policies related to New and Renewable Energy is also in the low category. Students think that the government's performance is still poor, and it is necessary to conduct a campaign and involve the mass media.

Community participation (CP) is emphasized in the planning and implementation of the various projects and sector. Renewable energy (RE) sector like other sectors requires community participation for its effectiveness and efficiency. This review aims at exploring the community participation in the renewable sector in Tanzania. Five themes were identified for through literature review where a Seven-Step Model for comprehensive literature review was used. These themes include (i) access to information on RE resources; (ii) community awareness of the RE technologies and related policies, laws, and regulations; (iii) RE as the source of employment opportunities; and (iv) RE as an alternative to fossil fuels and for poverty alleviation. These study revealed that despite the different efforts taken by the government and other energy stakeholders the community still lack enough information and awareness about renewable energy technologies, institutional and regulatory framework. However, the interesting issue is that renewable energy sectors play an important role in providing employment opportunities to the local communities. Moreover, the use of renewable energy has contributed to poverty alleviation. For instance, hydropower has an increase in electricity supply, solar energy has improved the local households’ standard of living, education and health services. It is recommended that the government and other energy stakeholders should cooperate to provide more information and awareness of renewable energy technologies to the community. This should be accompanied by the introduction of the national policy and law which is specifically for renewable energy to enable its development. Community participation (CP) is emphasized in the planning and implementation of the various projects and sector. Renewable energy (RE) sector like other sectors requires community participation for its effectiveness and efficiency. This review aims at exploring the community participation in the renewable sector in Tanzania. Five themes were identified for through literature review where a Seven-Step Model for comprehensive literature review was used. These themes include (i) access to information on RE resources; (ii) community awareness of the RE technologies and related policies, laws, and regulations; (iii) RE as the source of employment opportunities; and (iv) RE as an alternative to fossil fuels and for poverty alleviation. These study revealed that despite the different efforts taken by the government and other energy stakeholders the community still lack enough information and awareness about renewable energy technologies, institutional and regulatory framework. However, the interesting issue is that renewable energy sectors play an important role in providing employment opportunities to the local communities. Moreover, the use of renewable energy has contributed to poverty alleviation. For instance, hydropower has an increase in electricity supply, solar energy has improved the local households’ standard of living, education and health services. It is recommended that the government and other energy stakeholders should cooperate to provide more information and awareness of renewable energy technologies to the community. This should be accompanied by the introduction of the national policy and law which is specifically for renewable energy to enable its development.

The main objective of this review is to develop renewable energy (RE) sectors and overcome any obstacles regarding this in Bangladesh. Bangladesh has been facing energy crisis in all sectors in need of electricity. The techno-economical and policy making challenges are the main barrier of renewable energy sources installment in Bangladesh. But in recent years, Bangladesh has achieved notable progress in the development of its renewable energy industry. Bangladesh produces 723.26 MW of electricity from renewable sources, which include 67.61% solar, 31.80% hydro, and 0.58% wind, biogas, and biomass. Of these, 489 MW are produced by more than 6 million (63, 25, 278) installed solar cells. This assessment offers a thorough examination of the nation's present renewable energy situation, stressing both the fundamental difficulties and noteworthy successes. The research reviews the many renewable energy sources, such as hydropower, biomass, mechanical vibration, wind, and solar electricity, and assesses how much of each the country needs to use. Analyzing the legal and policy environment that governs renewable energy in Bangladesh, the research highlights the necessity of focused measures to remove current obstacles. It talks about how overcoming obstacles and promoting sustainable growth can be accomplished through international cooperation and financial assistance. The research also looks at the socioeconomic effects of renewable energy programs, considering how they may affect employment and electrification in rural areas. The analysis provides an outlook on the prospects of the renewable energy sector in Bangladesh. Emerging technologies, possible market trends, and innovative prospects are covered. To assist stakeholders, investors, and legislators in navigating the shift to a more resilient and sustainable energy future, recommendations are offered. With an emphasis on highlighting successes and outlining challenges, this research provides a thorough analysis of Bangladesh's renewable energy industry. Bangladesh may establish itself as a regional leader in the adoption of renewable energy sources and support international efforts to mitigate climate change by recognizing the obstacles of the present and laying out a plan for future development. This research will help to the researchers and policymakers for making more renewable energy in Bangladesh without facing any difficulties.

An increase in market concentration (MC), which refers to a large share of few and large firms in a given sector, is a main concern for governments all over the world since it is believed to affect competition levels and, thus, lead to inefficiencies. It has also captured the attention of researchers in the past. A trend towards MC has been observed in many sectors, as they progress through different stages (i.e., what we call “consolidation effect”). This can also be the case in the renewable energy (RE) sectors. On the other hand, the features of RE policy may also influence the entry and exit of firms in RE sectors and, thus, MC, as they affect the revenues, costs and risks of its players (i.e., what we call the “policy effect”). However, despite its academic and policy relevance, the literature on MC in the RE sectors is very tiny and the few analyses have been undertaken without a systematic and comprehensive analytical framework. The aim of this paper is to provide an analytical framework to assess the impact of deployment support on market concentration in the RE sectors. This framework is based on several approaches, i.e. industrial organisation, industry life cycle theory and the literature on renewable energy support. It considers the aforementioned two effects on market concentration in the project ownership stage of the value chain. The empirical analysis illustrates the viability of this framework with a case study of wind energy in Spain, and suggests that it can be applied to other countries and RE sectors. Using primary and secondary data sources, the paper shows that there has been an increase in market concentration, although this has not been monotonic, suggesting the influence of the aforementioned two main effects.

Comparison of the economic effects of nuclear power and renewable energy deployment in South Korea

The topic of the article considers the functioning of the renewable energy (RE) sector in Poland. This is really important in the context of the energy transition of the national economy because it influences the creation of modern technologies and increases the competitiveness and innovation of the country. Poland is in a process of energy transition where the RE sector has been developing for two decades. The authors aimed to research the RE sector improvement possibilities in Poland, including the influence of this sector on chosen social and economic aspects. Because of this research’s aim a critical situation assessment of RE in Poland was conducted and a survey of a group of experts in this field was also involved. Legal, physical and mental determinants and their influence on RE sector were looked into. In the legal determinant context a necessity to simplify relevant legislation acts in Poland was found. Undoubtedly there is a need to improve several legal acts, including the Distance Act. In physical determinants it was found that solar, wind and biomass energy have the biggest chances for development. In the case of mental determinants the authors paid attention to the need of educating the public about using and obtaining energy. It is also important to make people aware how the RE sector influences the low emission economy positively. This will improve the creation of new jobs and reduce the emissions of harmful substances to the environment.