Abstract
Accelerating particles to high energies with a high-gradient wakefield accelerator may require use of multiple stages. Coupling beams from one stage to another can be difficult due to high divergence and non-negligible energy spreads. We review the challenges, technical requirements and currently proposed methods for solving the staging problem.
Highlights
Accelerating particles to high energy in a compact space is the main motivation for plasma-wakefield accelerator research
What counts as high energy depends on the context—free-electron lasers [1] will require energies around 1–10 GeV, whereas linear colliders [2,3] will typically require 100 GeV or more
We find that the chromaticity is W ≈ 2L=βm, and, the projected emittance growth will be approximately
Summary
Accelerating particles to high energy in a compact space is the main motivation for plasma-wakefield accelerator research. What counts as high energy depends on the context—free-electron lasers [1] will require energies around 1–10 GeV, whereas linear colliders [2,3] will typically require 100 GeV or more. While a single stage may be sufficient to drive a free-electron laser, it will not be enough to drive a linear collider. In this case, we need to combine the energy of several individual drivers, by distributing these drivers across many separately driven stages chained together—a concept known as staging. With only one dedicated experimental result to date (by Steinke et al [4]), there are still a number of problems to be solved on a conceptual level.
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