Abstract
Although stacking disorder in kaolinite was extensively investigated for a long time, its real structure has not been understood sufficiently. Recently high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) studies of kaolinite were reported with sufficient resolution to determine the origin of the stacking disorder directly. Most common stacking faults in kaolinite are disorder of the alternative layer displacement, t 1 (approximately -a/3) and t 2 (a/6 - b/6), between adjacent layers. The two layer displacements are related to each other by the pseudo-mirror plane passing the octahedral vacant site in the kaolinite unit layer. Furthermore, this type of disorder can occur as (1) isolated stacking faults (for instance, insertion of t 2 in the ordered matrix with t 1 ) as well as (2) interstratifications of packets in which the layer displacement is ordered. These two occurrence modes of the t 1 /t 2 disorder probably reflect the growth process of kaolinite. Disorder by displacement of the octahedral vacancy sites in the dioctahedral 1:1 layer and/or layer rotation, is another stacking disorder found in kaolinite of sedimentary origin.
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