Stachytarpheta indica Leaf Extract: Oral Acute Toxicity, In vitro Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Potentials

Achimugu Dickson Musa,Hafsat Bature Buhari,Cyril Ogbiko,Abubakar Sani Yelwa,Musa Usman Dabai,Ibeabuchi Jude Ali

doi:10.34198/ejcs.2119.163173

Abstract

This study was designed to ascertain the safety profile as well as explore new antimicrobial agents from the methanol leaf extract of Stachytarpheta indica. The methanol extract was prepared and screened for its phytochemical composition, oral acute toxicity profile as well as challenged with common pathogenic microorganisms for its antimicrobial activities using standard procedures. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of various pharmaceutically active secondary metabolites like alkaloids, saponins, carbohydrate, cardiac glycosides, terpenoid, tannin, anthraquinones, phenolics and flavonoid. P. aeruginosa and S. aureus showed the best and least antibacterial activity respectively. The extract exhibited antifungal activity in a dose dependent manner with the inhibition more pronounced with A. niger than with C. albicans. The standard drugs ciprofloxacin and fluconazole exhibited a near 100% activity. There was no mortality at 8 g/kg p.o. after 24 hours and no sign of delayed toxicity or mortality after 14 days of observation. There were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) observed in the examined organs as well as body weights in both 24 h and 14 d study. This research holds promise for the exploration of various potentially active secondary metabolites which would help in developing pharmaceuticals especially antimicrobial drugs as well as recommend the short-term oral administration of the extract up to a dose of 8 g/kg body weight.

Highlights

Natural products have provided medicine for human illness and most of these remedies were obtained from higher plants [1]
Stachytarpheta indica commonly known as snakeweed is belonging to the family Verbenaceae
In northern Nigeria, a decoction of the leaves with natron is given for dysentery in humans and for similar conditions in horses [7, 8].The interest in the scientific investigation of Stachytarpheta indica leaves is based on the claims of their effective use for the treatment of many microbial infections

Summary

Introduction

Natural products have provided medicine for human illness and most of these remedies were obtained from higher plants [1]. In the last two centuries, there has being serious investigations into the chemical and biological activities of plants and these have yielded compounds for the development of synthetic organic chemistry and the emergence of medicinal chemistry as a route for the discovery of more effective therapeutic agents [5]. Stachytarpheta indica commonly known as snakeweed is belonging to the family Verbenaceae It is a well branched herb 2-3 ft high with very long narrow spikes. In northern Nigeria, a decoction of the leaves with natron is given for dysentery in humans and for similar conditions in horses [7, 8].The interest in the scientific investigation of Stachytarpheta indica leaves is based on the claims of their effective use for the treatment of many microbial infections.

Materials and Methods

Results and Discussion

Conclusion