Stable complex formation between serine protease inhibitor and zymogen: coagulation factor X cleaves the Arg393–Ser394 bond in a reactive centre loop of antithrombin in the presence of heparin

Abstract

Antithrombin (AT) inhibits several blood coagulation proteases, including activated factor X (FXa), by forming stable complexes with these proteases. Herein, we demonstrate that AT forms a stable complex with zymogen factor X (FX). Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and size-exclusion chromatography analyses showed that AT and FX formed an SDS-stable complex, which is distinct in apparent molecular mass from an FXa-AT complex, in the presence of heparin. Amino-terminal sequence analysis of the complex following SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions provided clear evidence that AT forms this complex with the heavy chain of FX, because two sequences, HGSPVDI (residues 1-7 of AT) and SVAQATS (residues 1-7 of the heavy chain of FX), were identified. Furthermore, sequence SLNPNRV, which corresponds to residues 394-400 of AT, was identified in the non-reduced FX-AT complex, indicating that FX cleaved the Arg393-Ser394 bond in a reactive centre loop of AT. Unfractionated heparin induced FX-AT complex formation more effectively than low-molecular weight heparin or AT-binding pentasaccharide, and appeared to promote complex formation mainly via a template effect. These data suggest that AT is capable of forming a stable complex with zymogen FX by acting as an inhibitor in the presence of heparin.