Stabilized plasmid–lipid particles containing PEG-diacylglycerols exhibit extended circulation lifetimes and tumor selective gene expression

Abstract

Stabilized plasmid lipid particles (SPLP) consist of a single copy of DNA surrounded by a lipid bilayer. The particles are small (∼100 nm), stable, monodisperse and have a low surface charge. A diffusible polyethylene glycol (PEG) coating attached to a lipid anchor is critical to the SPLP's functionality. The PEG–lipid exchanges out of the bilayer at a rate determined by the size of the lipid anchor. Here we show that SPLP can be prepared using a series of PEG–diacylglycerol lipids (PEG–S-DAGs). SPLP were prepared incorporating PEG–dimyristoylglycerol (C 14), PEG–dipalmitoylglycerol (C 16) or PEG–distearoylglycerol (C 18) and the rate of PEG–lipid diffusion from the bi-layer determined using a FRET assay. SPLP pharmacokinetics confirm a correlation between the stability of the PEG–lipid component and circulation lifetime. PEG–S-DAGs with longer lipid anchors yield more stable SPLP particles with longer circulation half-lives yielding an increase in tumor delivery and gene expression. PEG–distearoylglycerol (C 18) containing SPLP bypass so-called ‘first pass’ organs, including the lung, and elicit levels of gene expression in distal tumor tissue 100- to 1000-fold greater than that observed in any other tissue. The incorporation of PEG–S-DAG in SPLP confirms that small size, low surface charge and extended circulation lifetimes are prerequisite to the accumulation and tumor selective expression of plasmid DNA following systemic administration.