Abstract
Micronutrient delivery formulations based on nanoemulsions can enhance the absorption of nutrients and bioactives, and thus, are of great potential for food fortification and supplementation strategies. The aim was to evaluate the bioefficacy of vitamin D (VitD) encapsulated in nanoemulsions developed by sonication and pH-shifting of pea protein isolate (PPI) in restoring VitD status in VitD-deficient rats. Weaned male albino rats (n = 35) were fed either normal diet AIN-93G (VitD 1000 IU/kg) (control group; n = 7) or a VitD-deficient diet (<50 IU/kg) for six weeks (VitD-deficient group; n = 28). VitD-deficient rats were divided into four subgroups (n = 7/group). Nano-VitD and Oil-VitD groups received a dose of VitD (81 µg) dispersed in either PPI-nanoemulsions or in canola oil, respectively, every other day for one week. Their control groups, Nano-control and Oil-control, received the respective delivery vehicles without VitD. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)VitD], parathyroid hormone (PTH), Ca, P, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were measured. After one week of treatment, the VitD-deficient rats consuming Nano-VitD recovered from Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) as compared against baseline and had serum 25(OH)VitD higher than the Nano-control. Enhancement in VitD status was followed with expected changes in serum PTH, Ca, P, and ALP levels, as compared against the controls. Stabilization of VitD within PPI-based nanoemulsions enhances its absorption and restores its status and biomarkers of bone resorption in VitD-deficient rats.
Highlights
Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) remains a public health concern all over the world [1,2]
At the end of the treatment, provision of Nano-vitamin D (VitD) restored the levels of biomarkers of VDD
We show that consumption of VitD stably dispersed in a pea protein isolate (PPI) nanoemulsion, created bypresent sonication and shifting combined treatment as shown in our work [26]
Summary
Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) remains a public health concern all over the world [1,2]. Causes of VDD include an inadequate dietary intake and limited exposure to sunlight. Of vitamin D is absorbed through the skin via sunlight while the rest comes from the diet. VDD leads to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. It predisposes to low bone mass and contributes to bone fragility fractures in the elderly [3]. There has been a renaissance in the study of VitD actions as evidence continues to accumulate about its role in the etiology of chronic disease such as infection response, autoimmune disease, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and cancer [4]
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