Stabilization of isolated hybrid microgrids with electric vehicle-based energy storage systems using a fractional order proportional-integral-derivative control

Abstract

ABSTRACT Electric vehicles (EVs) are considered to be the most promising technology upgrades in the coming years to reduce the carbon emission, since the EVs could replace the conventional combustion vehicles as well as mitigate power fluctuations in power grids. This paper focuses on addressing the frequency stability issues in isolated hybrid grids (IHGs) by introducing a fractional order proportional-integral-derivative (FOPID) control for grid-connected power converters. A particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique is adopted to optimize the parameters of the controllers. The advantages of the proposed control method over the conventional proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control, proportional-integral with proportional-derivative (PI-PD) control, and proportional-integral-derivative with filter (PIDF) control schemes are verified by simulation case studies. Besides, a modified virtual rotor concept (MVRC) is proposed in this paper to enhance the inertia of the system. Furthermore, the performance of using EVs to regulate the frequency of IHGs is compared to the superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) units, capacitive energy storage (CES) units, and redox flow batteries (RFB) under fixed and variable load conditions.