Stabilization and solidification of arsenic and iron contaminated canola meal biochar using chemically modified phosphate binders

Abstract

Adsorption is a widely used process for removal of heavy metals, but the management of spent adsorbent containing concentrated amounts of heavy metals is a problem due to potential risk of groundwater contamination from leaching of heavy metals. Generally, cementitious binder and additives are used for stabilization and solidification treatment, however heavy metals tend to leach from such matrices. Therefore, this research investigated the effectiveness of chemically modified phosphate biochar (CMPB) composite for the simultaneous solidification and stabilization of arsenic (As) and iron (Fe) contaminated canola meal biochar. Results showed that the performance of spent biochar added CMPB composites was significantly better than the pure composites (without biochar) due to filling of inter-aggregate pores using biochar and availability of sufficient amount of MgKPO4 for binding of biochar particles. Moreover, leaching test and risk assessment studies indicated that there is no potential adverse effect as the concentrations of As and Fe in TCLP leachate were well below the Universal Treatment Standard (UTS) in optimized CMPB composites. In conclusion, chemically modified phosphate binders were found effective in stabilization and solidification of As and Fe contaminated biochar into thermodynamically stable material with high immobilization capacity and low leachability.